NEED    需要須

LACK AND be DISTRESSED BECAUSE of that.
REQUIREBE IN NEED OFHAVE NEED OFWANTBE CRYING OUT FORBE DESPERATE FORDEMANDCALL FORNECESSITATEENTAILINVOLVELACKBE WITHOUTBE SHORT OF
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for needing something is xū 須, and this word does not refer to a general need, but only to a need for a certain purpose. 2. Bì 必 can refer to a logical or practical precondition for something. 3. Jí 急 (ant.* yǒu yú 有餘 "have more than enough") refers to a desperate state which can be said to be a state where one is in need of help and supplies. 4. Yòng 用 is sometimes used to refer not to the use of something but the need for it, especially in rhetorical questions.
Modern Chinese Criteria
需要 需求 要求 求 需 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • HUNGRY　NEED FOOD FOR ONESELF NOW. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • COST　NEEDED TO be PAID WHEN ONE INTENDS to BUY SOMETHING.  (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • THIRSTY　NEED LIQUID to DRINK NOW. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • SUFFICIENTABUNDANT so as to PROVIDE what is NEEDED.
Hypernym
  • LACK　SITUATION OF NOT HAVING, OR NOT to BEING-IN the UNIVERSE. (anc: 6/0, child: 48)
  • SITUATION　RELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 11)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.93

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 503

    DEFECTUS necessarij alicujus absentia.

    Detailed analysis.

    EGERE necessariis destitui. Qvi ergo aliqvem egere dicit, tria dicit 1. qviquvid illi necessarium. 2. qvod ille not habet. 3. cujus sensu afficitur.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 55B

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 1.440-489

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.876

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.765

    BEDUERFNIS

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 55B

    • Words (18 items)

    必  bì OC: piɡ MC: pit 29 Attributions

    Bì 必 can refer to a logical or practical precondition for something.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]subjectwhat is necessary, what there is an urgent need for
    • vt+NPab{S}it is definitely required that S; it is necessary that S
    • vt+V[0]absolutely need to
    • vtoNdefinitely need; feel the need for; have any real need for
    急  jí OC: krɯb MC: kip 28 Attributions

    Jí 急 (ant.* yǒu yú 有餘 "have more than enough") refers to a desperate state which can be said to be a state where one is in need of help and supplies.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 富/RICH The general word for wealth is fù 富 (ant. pín 貧 "poor"), and the word has a remarkably wide range of syntactic roles.
    • Synon: 重/IMPORTANT Zhòng 重 (ant. qīng 輕"of no consequence") focusses on what carries considerable weight in a certain context.

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeexigencies, urgent needs; urgent concerns
    • vibe urgently needed, be of urgent importance
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe more urgently needed than
    • vtoNstativeneed urgently; be preoccupied by the need of
    須  xū OC: so MC: si̯o 21 Attributions

    The current general word for needing something is xū 須, and this word does not refer to a general need, but only to a need for a certain purpose.

      Syntactic words
    • nwhat is needed > necessities
    • vt(oN)need the contextually determinate object N
    • vt+Npro{Q}.postVtneed to
    • vt+prep+Nhave need for N
    • vt+V[0]need to; it is necessary to
    • vtoNZHUANG 13: require, need;
    用  yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 7 Attributions

    Yòng 用 is sometimes used to refer not to the use of something but the need for it, especially in rhetorical questions.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]usually negated: (no) need to V (useless to V)
    • vt[0](oN1).adN2N2 which has use for the contextually determinate N1DS
    • vtoNYI.XICI: have use for, need
    必也  bì yě OC: piɡ lalʔ MC: pit jɣɛ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtopicwhat is required, what is needed
    待  dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯʔ MC: dəi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNneed, depend on (many examples from RELY ON need to be moved here)
    乏困  fá kùn OC: bob khuuns MC: bi̯ɐp khuo̝n 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralneeds
    乏  fá OC: bob MC: bi̯ɐp 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabneeds
    • v[adN]those who lack things > those who are in need > the needy
    • vtoNstativeneed, be short of
    當須  dāng xū OC: taaŋ so MC: tɑŋ si̯o 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]need to V (before being able to...)
    • VPt0oN.+Sthere is a need for the situation N to happen, then S...
    欲  yù OC: k-loɡ MC: ji̯ok 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]need to V; colloquial English "wants to V"
    • vt[0]oNone needs N [attribute more of the examples!]CH
    凍餧  dòng něi MC: tuwngH nwojX OC: tooŋs nuulʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPifeel cold and be hungryLZ
    事須  shì xū OC: dzrɯs so MC: ɖʐɨ si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNneed
    要須  yào xū OC: qews so MC: ʔiɛu si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNneed
    求  qiú MC: gjuw OC: ɡuLZ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nneeds, demandsLZ
    應須  yīng xū OC: qɯŋ so MC: ʔɨŋ si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNmust have, require, need
    須要  xū yào OC: so qews MC: si̯o ʔiɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]require that, need
    需  xū OC: sno MC: si̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nobjecta thing needed
    • vtoNpost-Han, LIUZI: : need (as men of talent);
    歉  qiàn OC: khleemʔ MC: khem
    歉  qiǎn OC: khreemʔ MC: khɣɛm 0 Attributions

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativebad harvest> lack of means of sustenance