PRONOUN  代詞

NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. []
Hypernym
  • NAMESPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something.
    • WORDSOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432)
      • SOUNDWHAT CAN be HEARD.
        • HEARPERCEIVE SOUND....
Hyponym
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    DEMONSTRATIVES

  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

Words

之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 752 AttributionsWD

    Syntactic words
  • npro.postVt:+V[0]pivot使之富 "cause them to become rich" him, her, it, them
  • npro.postvt:adV[0]object of coverb與之俱 "be together with him"
  • npro.postVtanaphoric則臣服之"the ministers will then follow it": referring to an aforementioned object: him, her, it
  • npro.postVtanaphoric知之曰知之 "if you understand something say that you understand IT" anaphorically refers to whatever a preceding nonreferential object pronoun refers to
  • npro.postVtindefinite主信愛之“If the ruler trusts and looks well after one": indefinite, personally "one" in the function of objectLZ
  • npro.postVtindefinite, universal君好之“If the ruler likes something/anything": non-referential general: anything/anyoneCH
  • npro.postVtnegatedobject in a negative sentence: 不復聽之DS
  • npro.postVtnonreferential誨女知之乎！"I'll teach you to understand  things": things; a place; something [cognate object; indefinite dummy object pronouns without reference]
  • npro.postVtpregnant: important pointsthe important things, relevant mattersCH
  • npro.postVtsituation以善和人者謂之順 "to accord with others on good points THAT is called obedience": refers to the aforementioned situationDS
  • npro.postvtt:oNindirect object賜之卮酒 "offered him a beaker of wine"
  • nprocataphoric臣聞之“I have heard the following:" the following object, the object identified further down in the context
  • nprosubjectrarely used as an apparently full pronominal subject: this one 之十有三"these are thirteen in number"
  • npro{OBJ}+Vtpreposed object此之謂 莫之，未之
  • vproanaphoric欲之“I wish to do this": (wish) to do this
者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 491 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro.post-.nproadN{NUM}斯三者“these three": nominaliser after a number phrase or numbered phrase
  • npro.post-Npronoun in apposition to a preceding phrase with suǒ 所LZ
  • npro.post-Nfactor which is decisive for N;DS
  • npro.post-Npr:+V{PRED;non-narrative}after subject with non-narrative predicateas for the Npr [predicate with the modal force of an abstract comment on the Npr]VK
  • npro.post-N{NUM}pronoun preceded and modified by a number verb.CH
  • npro.post-N{PRED}a certain N
  • npro.post-V:postNN=multiplesuch of the Ns who VDS
  • npro.post-Va certaina certain, unidentified but in principle identifiable by the speaker, who
  • npro.post-Vabstractthe action of V-ingCH
  • npro.post-Vdefinitethe subject which V-s
  • npro.post-Vdefinitereferential: the subjects of V
  • npro.post-Vindefinitegeneralising tensed: someone who V-s (typically tensed); anyone who V-s
  • npro.post-Vindefinite(be) someone who V-s (some other examples need to be moved here!)
  • npro.post-Vno definite referentgeneralising, hypothetical, untensed: anyone who V-s
  • npro.post-Vnonreferentialthose of the category V
  • npro.post-Vnpro=humanthe kind of person that V-sCH
  • npro.post-Vreasonfactor behind V-ing; reason for V-ingDS
  • npro.post-Vsubject=humanthe npro that V-sCH
  • npropost.N+V{PRED}reference=subject of N+Vthe subject of whom it may be said that the relevant N V-s; the subject of which the predicate in the form of the subject+predicate is predicated 功大者
或  huò OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 341 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro V.postN{TOP}singularsomebody of N; one of NDS
  • npro+V(.postN{TOP})some, certain individuals (referring to the subject of the verb that follows); someone, anyone
  • npro+V{PRED}referentiala certain person
  • npro.adN:adVat some N, V
  • npro.adVdefinitethe one..., the other 二者，或有餘於數，或不足於數，
  • npro.adVrepeatedsome... others (often hard to distinguish from "either... or"); some..., the others
  • npro.postN:+V{PRED}some, any
  • npro.postN:+V{PRED}referentiala certain npro belonging to the category N [many examples of SOME need to be moved here!CH]; certain such npros
  • nproa certainthere are those who
  • nproanaphoricthe aforementioned unidentified person
  • nprosingularsomeone, anyone
所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 267 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro1{OBJ}-Vt.post-npro2其所安
  • npro{OBJ.PRED}-Vte.g. 所夢也 "it was what he had dreamt of" be the object of Vt-ing by the explicit or implicit subject in the contextCH
  • npro{OBJ}+.VtoV[0]所 as object of a construction with modal verb: 所欲殺DS
  • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt(oN)無所告 "have no one to complain about N to": pronoun referring to the indirect object of a ditransitive verbal expression with an omitted direct object.CH
  • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt+Nindirect object所受教 "those one has received teaching FROM": prepositional indirect object; like hypothetical 所於
  • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt+prep+N所聞於相國 "what (I) have heard from the prime minister of state" direct object of a ditransitive verbal construction ((Note that the subject, if explicit, is often an explicit modifier marked by 之, as in 臣之所聞於魏 "what I have heard from Wei".))CH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt所重"what one makes one's priority": the object which
  • npro{OBJ}-Vtdirect object: 所樂 "what (the understood/contextually determinate subject) enjoys": that which (the understood subject) Vt-s； the object Vt-ed by the the understood subjectCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adN所愛美女 "beloved beautiful lady"
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adNe.g. 所亡地 "the territory that he has lost": the npro object which the understood or explicit subject has Vt-edDS
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adV所與立 "those whom one stands together with":  those Vt-ing which/whom the explicit or implicit subject V-ed or V-sCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adV:post-Nproe.g. 其所由然 "that through which it is so": object pronounCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-Ne.g. 人所制 "someone controlled by others" the object npro that N Vt-ed; the object Vt-ed by N> that which is Vt-ed by N, he who is Vt-ed by NCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-N1:adN2e.g. 人所罾魚腹 "the stomach of a fish someone else had caught in a net" object pronoun modifying a head nounCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-Npro{SUBJ}npro=obj爾所及　"what you reach"
  • npro{OBJ}-Vt.postN{SUBJ}＋之人之所積也“what men accumulate": the object Verb-ed by NCH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vtobject=action吾所欲者 “what I desire to do"; in object position: 有所不行“have something one does not do"CH
  • npro{OBJ}-Vtobject=place所生 instead of *所於生： “where something arises"DS
  • npro{SUBJ}-Vt.post-N{OBJ}the subject which世主之所亂惑"what confuses the sovereigns of our times": the subject which Vt-s the object N [NB: MANY OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS HERE ARE DOUBTFUL: 除民之所害 may be read as "remove what the people consider to be harmful" and not as "remove what harms the people".待考  CH
諸  zhū OC: klja MC: tɕi̯ɤ 99 AttributionsWD

    Syntactic words
  • npro.postVthim, her, it, themCH
  • npro.postVtcontracted *hu + PLACEher, him, it, them construed as concrete or abstract place NCH
  • npro.postVtcontracted *hu prepositioncontraction of 之於，之于，（之乎）: in; from; towards For the link with 於 see 《莊子人間世》古之至人，先存諸己，而後存諸人所存於己者未定。
  • npro.postVtcontracted 乎 interrogativehim? her? it? them? [the contraction is with the final question particle, and not with the preposition.CH
  • npro.postVtcontraction preposition: directly from sourceit from the source N [The important question is whether when Confucius says 聞諸老子曰 this naturally implies that he has heard from Laozi, or whether the natural meaning is that he has has heard (somewhere) that Laozi said".CH
其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 51 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro.adNindefinitea certain
  • npro.adNreflexivesingular: the subject's, her, his, itsCH
  • npro.postVt.+N{SUBJ}pivotal pronoun, as in 不能令其下也
  • nprosubordinate(in subordinate sentences) he, she, it, they
  • npro{OBJ}+Vtfor him/her/them
相  xiāng OC: sqaŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ 47 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro+VtoNeach others' N 相亂國“vt each others' state"CH
  • npro{OBJ}+Vtdefinitethe object(s), this, him; them; the other
焉  yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 39 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • VPpostadVfor Nfor this, on this occasionCH
  • npro.postadVnpro=objlike 之: he; she; it etc.DS
  • VPpostadVafter vi-comp: than this =於之
  • VPpostadVamong themCH
  • VPpostadV同焉 "to identify oneself with him", with rergard to him, in relationship to himLZ
  • VPpostadVin that place，thereCH
  • VPpostadVconsequencefor it: as in the phrase 無它故焉 "there was no other reason for it"LZ
  • VPpostadVimpersonal忠焉 "If one is loyal to someone"
  • VPpostadVobject=beneficiaryto himDS
  • VPpostadVobject=eventin/during that eventLZ
  • VPpostadVobject=sourcefrom it; from thisDS
之所  zhī suǒ MC: tsyi srjoX OC: kljɯ sqraʔCH 30 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPpro V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}地之所載"what the earth bears up" (and NEVER "what bears up the earth"): the object which the preceding N V-sCH
其所  qí suǒ MC: gi srjoX OC: ɡɯ sqraʔ 12 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPpro{OBJ}+Vt其所害"what is harmful to him" (and NOT: "what he does harm to"): what Vt-s the subject referred to by 其CH
  • NP{OBJ}-Vt其所樂 "what he enjoys" the object of the transitive verb that follows, "that which"CH
某  mǒu OC: mooʔ MC: mu 6 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro.adNthe an identifiable as such-and-such, such-and-such N
  • nproindefinitesuch-and-such
己  jǐ OC: kɯʔ MC: kɨ 5 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro+V{PRED}contrastivethe aformentioned and no one else, they
  • npro.postVthim
  • npro{SUBJ}+V{PRED}(non-emphatic, non-contrastive:) he
或人  huò rén OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ njin MC: ɦək ȵin 4 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPproanaphoricthat previously mentioned but unidentified person
然  rán OC: njen MC: ȵiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nproloan for yān 焉
胥  xū OC: sqa MC: si̯ɤ 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro{OBJ}+Vtmutualone another
此之  cǐ zhī OC: tsheʔ kljɯ MC: tshiɛ tɕɨ 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPpro.adNthis (used to make four-character phrases. Also elsewhere??)
甲  jiǎ OC: kraab MC: kɣap 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nprovariable: x
前人  qián rén OC: dzeen njin MC: dzen ȵin 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPprothe former, the above-mentioned other party; the above-mentioned people
後者  hòu zhě OC: ɡooʔ kljaʔ MC: ɦu tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPpropost-Han: the latter
足下  zú xià OC: tsoɡ ɢraaʔ MC: tsi̯ok ɦɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • n2. person singularyou
某某  mǒu mǒu MC: muwX muwX OC: mooʔ mooʔCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPpro{PRED}pluralbe so-and-soCH
實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
客  kè OC: khraaɡ MC: khɣɛk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npronominala certain person; someone; a quidam
  Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro Vtobjectthe object(s)CH
  Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro Vtobjectthe object(s) (of Vt)CH
相  xiāng MC: sjang OC: sqaŋCH 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npro Vtobjectthe object(s) (of Vt)CH
或者  huò zhě MC: hwok tsyaeX OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ kljaʔCH 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words

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