ALONE  單獨單

BE ONLY ONE AND NOT TOGETHER WITH OTHERS.  
BY ONESELFON ONE'S OWNALL ALONESOLITARYSINGLESINGLYSOLOSOLUSUNESCORTEDUNACCOMPANIEDPARTNERLESSCOMPANIONLESS
Antonym
  • TOGETHERALL of a set IN the SAME PLACE OR TIME.
    Hypernym
    • ONEMOST SMALL NUMBER.
      • NUMBERQUANTITY when COUNTED. [THE DEFINITIONS IN THIS FIELD REMAIN CIRCULAR ON MANY LEVELS AND NEED TO BE CAREFULLY REVISED IN COLLABORATION WITH KARINE CHEMLA.]
        • QUANTITYDEGREE of being MANY OR FEW that CAN be MEASURED OR COUNTED.
          • DEGREEFEATURE of MORE or LESS....
    See also
    • ONLYTHIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT.
      • ONLYTHIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT.
        • LONELYSAD BECAUSE one is ALONE.
            Old Chinese Criteria
            [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

            [NEGATIVE/POSITIVE]

            1. Dān 單 (ant. qún 群 "in a group") has no emotional nuances and simply refers to the single member of a set.

            [GENERAL]

            2. Dú 獨 (ant. ǒu 偶 "as a pair") usually has no nuances of loneliness, but can sometimes come to connote an intense feeling of personal uniqueness. (LAO)

            [GENERAL], [NEGATIVE!]

            3. Gū 孤 (ant. zhòng 眾 "as a large group", but this lacks the emotional nuance of the counterpart) tends to connote feelings of loneliness and/or of being bereaved or suffering under the absence of associates in the place where one is.

            [NEGATIVE+]

            4. Tè 特 "alone" (etymologically related to dān 單 ) is abstract and conceptual and often emphasises the positively valued absence of other members in a general set.

            [POSITIVE!]

            5. Guǎ 寡 refers to the state of being alone ore bereaved which is currently referred to in polite speech by rulers. See also BEREAVED.

            [NEGATIVE]

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            一個人

            獨自

            單獨

            獨立

            獨力

            獨

            單身

            孤單

            孤

            孤獨

            孤寂

            伶仃 (lit) refers to solitary helplessness.

            幽獨

            寂寂 (lit) refers to solitary sadness.

            只身

            一身

            獨身

            光桿兒 (coll)

            伶俜 (obs) refers to solitary sadness.

            孤零零

            孤苦伶仃

            伶仃孤苦

            形影相吊

            形單影只

            煢煢孑立

            孑然一身

            塊然一身

            孤家寡人

            舉目無親

            六親無靠

            無依無靠

            單槍匹馬

            匹馬單槍

            離群索居

            孤立無援

            顧影自憐

            first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/

            Old Chinese Contrasts
            LEIBNIZ 6.4 P. 31: U n i c u s est si unus ejus denominationis assignari potest, non alius. S o l u s est unicus in aliquo loco vel tempore (vel generalius: Si A est B, et quod

            non est A non est B, dicitur S o l u m A esse B).

            • Anglo-russkij sinonimicheskij slovar' ( APRESJAN 1980) p. 31

              alone, solitary, lonly, lone, lonsesome, forlorn, desoate

            • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 13.33

            • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.869

            • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.407

            • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.403.365

              UNIQUE.SEUL

            • Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi ( SINGER 2002) p. 1.59

            • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 79B

            Words

            獨  dú OC: dooɡ MC: duk 69 AttributionsWD

            Dú 獨 (ant. ǒu 偶 "as a pair") usually has no nuances of loneliness, but can sometimes come to connote an intense feeling of personal uniqueness. (LAO) [GENERAL], [NEGATIVE!]

              Syntactic words
            • nabpsychologicalindependent stance; independent orientationCH
            • vad.V1adV2be the only one to V1-wise to V2CH
            • vadNquantifierindependent; single, non-double; separate (action)
            • vadVnegative(negatively:) alone, isolated; unaided by others; off your own bat; on your own initiative
            • vadVpositiveas the only one; all on one's own, independently, relying on oneself only
            • vibe alone
            特  tè OC: ɡ-lɯɯɡ MC: dək 16 AttributionsWD

            Tè 特 "alone" (etymologically related to dān 單) is abstract and conceptual and often emphasises the positively valued absence of other members in a general set. [POSITIVE!]

              Word relations
            • Assoc: 孤/LONELY Gū 孤 (ant. zhòng 眾 "as a large group", but this lacks the emotional nuance of the counterpart) tends to connote feelings of loneliness and/or of being bereaved or suffering under the absence of associates in the place where one is. [NEGATIVE+]

              Syntactic words
            • nsubjectone who is alone, isolated
            • vadNsingle, not member of a whole set; isolated
            • vadVon one's own; by oneself; particularly
            • vibe singular, isolated; be unique
            單  dān OC: taan MC: tɑn 4 AttributionsWD

            Dān 單 (ant. qún 群 "in a group") has no emotional nuances and simply refers to the single member of a set. [GENERAL]

              Syntactic words
            • nadNsingle; single-layered
            • v[adN]nonreferentialindividual single person
            • vioriginally perhaps single-layered cloth: non-double, single, non-complex
            獨自  dú zì OC: dooɡ sblids MC: duk dzi 4 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadNsole, single, alone
            • VPadValone, in solitude, all by oneself
            介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • v[adN]N=humone who is isolated
            • vadValone, all on one's own, be isolated from others
            孤特  gū tè OC: kʷaa ɡ-lɯɯɡ MC: kuo̝ dək 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe all alone, be completely isolated
            獨立  dú lì OC: dooɡ ɡ-rub MC: duk lip 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadNisolated
            • VPibe isolated
            孤獨  gū dú OC: kʷaa dooɡ MC: kuo̝ duk 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadValone, all on one's own
            • VPichangebecome quite isolated
            煢獨  qióng dú OC: ɡʷleŋ dooɡ MC: giɛŋ duk 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NP[adN]somebody who is alone and without anyone to turn to for support
            • VPibe bereft of friends and supporters
            孤  gū MC: ku  OC: kʷaa CH 2 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVon one's/its own, all by oneself/itself; in a singular mannerCH
            嬛  qióng OC: ɡʷeŋ MC: giɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vi.redbe all alone; helpless; deserted; without help (P: same as 惸, 煢)
            廓  kuò OC: khʷaaɡ MC: khɑk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vibe alone and deserted
            曠  kuàng OC: khʷaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNsingle, unattached (of men)
            一身  yī shēn OC: qliɡ qhjin MC: ʔit ɕin 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPisingle body > be by oneself, alone
            孑然  jié rán OC: ked njen MC: kiɛt ȵiɛn 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadVall alone [compare 介然 "all on one's own"]
            • VPibe all alone
            孤危  gū wēi OC: kʷaa ŋɡrol MC: kuo̝ ŋiɛ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPiresultativebe isolated and as a result endangered
            塊  kuài MC: khwojH  OC: khuuls CH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVsolidly, in splendid isolationCH
            孤陋  gū lòu MC: ku -- OC: kʷaa --CH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe isolated and marginalisedCH
            焭獨  qióng dú MC: gjwieng duwk OC: ɡʷleŋ dooɡCH 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPibe all alone; be isolated; be all separated from the worldCH
            孑  jié OC: ked MC: kiɛt 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVall alone Zhang Heng 思玄賦
            寡  guǎ OC: kʷraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD

            Guǎ 寡 refers to the state of being alone ore bereaved which is currently referred to in polite speech by rulers. See also BEREAVED. [NEGATIVE]

              Syntactic words
            • vadNlonely
            犆  zhí OC: dɯɡ MC: ɖɨk 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNseperate; special; single
            • vibe seperate; by itself
            抱景  bào jǐng MC: bawX kjaengX OC: buuʔ kraŋʔCH 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPi=抱影 embrace one's shadow> be on one's own, be independent 抱景特立CH
            抱景  bào jǐng MC: bawX kjaengX OC: buuʔ kraŋʔCH 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPi=抱影 embrace one's shadow> be on one's own, be by oneself and independent 抱景特立CH
              Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadVsolidly, in splendid isolationCH

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