TEMPLE 寺廟廟
BUILDING USED FOR WORSHIP of DEITIES.
Old Chinese Criteria
2. Zōng 宗 "founding ancestor of a clan" is used by synecdoche to refer to the permanent ancestral temple where he is venerated together with his deceased successors. The word has an archaic flavour.
3. Tiāo 祧 is a technical term for a shrine, sometimes specifically a non-permanent shrine for a distant ancestor, a shrine that could be removed and replaced by a mere altar. In the common combination zōng tiā1o 宗祧 it would appear that tiāo 祧 refers to a shrine within the larger temple complex.
4. Cí 祠 referred originally to a small temple built near a grave where the deceased were venerated, but the term came to be used more generally to refer to a private family temple where both ancesters and other divinities of all kinds were venerated. These establishments could be very large in large clans, and very small in small clans.
5. The case of qǐn 寢 is historically very complex. Four uses of the word must be distinguished. A. Qǐn 寢 referred in Spring and Autumn times to a part of the miào 廟 attached to it at as a back-room qǐn 寢 which was a luxuriously appointed bedroom for the use of the ancestors, where these could sleep and where they were also served as if alive (although these concrete practices are first mentioned in Han sources). B. In Warring States times the qǐn 寢 was moved to the vicinity of royal tombs to serve as a place of worship. See TOMB. C. Also, the term referred to the back room behind the formal main hall in which the spirits were venerated (in private homes in the north-western corner).
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
SACRIFICE 6. 廟是立有祖先偶像以供奉祖先之建築，戰國以後泛指供奉神佛或歷史人物的建築。
“ 廟 ” ，通稱。
“ 祖 ” 指祖廟，強調始祖之內涵。
“ 宗 ” 是支族之祖的廟。禰，祭祀亡父的宗廟。
祧，遠祖、始祖之廟，強調其神主之不可遷移。
寢，宗廟中藏祖先衣冠的後殿，祖先神靈於此接受生活供奉；後移置於陵側，與廟分離。
祠堂，民間祭祀祖先或先賢的廟堂，漢代始盛。
Modern Chinese Criteria
祠堂
宗祠
享堂
祠
廟
太廟
宗廟
世室
佛殿
殿
殿堂
大雄寶殿
廟宇
廟
孔廟
文廟
寺
寺院
佛寺
蕭寺
禪林
禪房
伽藍
蘭若
剎
招提
庵
庵堂
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
22.13 - Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
TEMPLE
templum refers properly the temple, together with consecreated environs, and the word denotes specifically a great temple to one of the principal gods.
fanum and delubrum refer to smaller temples to an inferior god or a hero.
aedes refers to the main building of the temple only.
sac ellum refers to a consecrated place without the building, with merely an altar.
- 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao
(
HUANG JINGUI 1995)
p.
214/971 - Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum
(
LANGIUS 1631)
p.
TEMPLUM
- Lateinische Synonymik
(
MENGE)
p.
220 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
4.1292 - 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
335 - 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
832 廟，祧
1. We still need to investigate whether the usages where tia1o 祧 would appear to be used
- Encyclopedia of Religion
(
JONES 2005)
p.
TEMPLE, SHRINE
- Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages
(
DE VAAN 2008)
p.
aedes, -is 'dwelling-place; temple' [f /] (Lex XII, Andr.+; nom.sg. also aedis)
Derivatives: aedicula 'small room, small house' (P1.+); aedilis (P1.+) 'magistrate,
aedile' (Elog.Scip. aidilis), aedilicius 'of or connected with an aedile' (P1.+), aedilitas
'the office of an aedile' (P1.+); aedificare 'to build' (P1.+), aedificium 'building'
(P1.+), aedificator 'builder' (Cato+), aedificatio 'building' (Cato+); aeditu/imus 'who
has charge of a temple' (P1.+).
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.377.332 TEMPLE.EGLISE
- Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(
PILLON 1850)
p.
no.330 - Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography
(
ROBERTS 1998)
p.
781
Words
宗廟 zōng miào OC: tsuuŋ mraws MC: tsuo̝ŋ miɛu 35 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPancestral temples, temples for the ancestors (symbols of the nation, see this word under NATION)
- NPadVin one's ancestral templesLZ
- NPsingularancestral temple
廟 miào OC: mraws MC: miɛu 21 AttributionsWD
The most common word for an ancestral temple in ancient China was miào 廟, and this word refers to the royal ancestral temple as well as to the ancestral temples of feudal lords and senior officials and even ordinary shì 士 "gentlemen, freemen". The Son of Heaven had seven of these, feudal lords had five, dàfū 大夫 had three and ordinary freemen had one. Ordinary people sacrificed in the qǐn 寢 "back room (also used as bedroom)" where the altar would traditionally occupy the north-western corner.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 宗/TEMPLE
Zōng 宗 "founding ancestor of a clan" is used by synecdoche to refer to the permanent ancestral temple where he is venerated together with his deceased successors. The word has an archaic flavour. - Assoc: 祧/TEMPLE
Tiāo 祧 is a technical term for a shrine, sometimes specifically a non-permanent shrine for a distant ancestor, a shrine that could be removed and replaced by a mere altar. In the common combination zōng tiā1o 宗祧 it would appear that tiāo 祧 refers to a shrine within the larger temple complex.
- Syntactic words
- nancestral temple (especially place of worship for the former kings or former rulers) and centre of state ritual
- npost-Nprthe ancestral temple of NprCH
- n{PLACE}adVin the ancestral temple
精 jìng OC: tseŋs MC: tsiɛŋ 17 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: abode for the cultivation of purity; temple, monastery
祧 tiāo OC: kh-leew MC: theu 12 AttributionsWD
Tiāo 祧 is a technical term for a shrine, sometimes specifically a non-permanent shrine for a distant ancestor, a shrine that could be removed and replaced by a mere altar. In the common combination zōng tiā1o 宗祧 it would appear that tiāo 祧 refers to a shrine within the larger temple complex.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 宗/TEMPLE
Zōng 宗 "founding ancestor of a clan" is used by synecdoche to refer to the permanent ancestral temple where he is venerated together with his deceased successors. The word has an archaic flavour. - Assoc: 廟/TEMPLE
The most common word for an ancestral temple in ancient China was miào 廟, and this word refers to the royal ancestral temple as well as to the ancestral temples of feudal lords and senior officials and even ordinary shì 士 "gentlemen, freemen". The Son of Heaven had seven of these, feudal lords had five, dàfū 大夫 had three and ordinary freemen had one. Ordinary people sacrificed in the qǐn 寢 "back room (also used as bedroom)" where the altar would traditionally occupy the north-western corner.
- Syntactic words
- ntemporary shrine, sometimes specifically for remote ancestors
宗 zōng OC: tsuuŋ MC: tsuo̝ŋ 10 AttributionsWD
Zōng 宗 "founding ancestor of a clan" is used by synecdoche to refer to the permanent ancestral temple where he is venerated together with his deceased successors. The word has an archaic flavour.
- Word relations
- Assoc: 廟/TEMPLE
The most common word for an ancestral temple in ancient China was miào 廟, and this word refers to the royal ancestral temple as well as to the ancestral temples of feudal lords and senior officials and even ordinary shì 士 "gentlemen, freemen". The Son of Heaven had seven of these, feudal lords had five, dàfū 大夫 had three and ordinary freemen had one. Ordinary people sacrificed in the qǐn 寢 "back room (also used as bedroom)" where the altar would traditionally occupy the north-western corner. - Assoc: 祧/TEMPLE
Tiāo 祧 is a technical term for a shrine, sometimes specifically a non-permanent shrine for a distant ancestor, a shrine that could be removed and replaced by a mere altar. In the common combination zōng tiā1o 宗祧 it would appear that tiāo 祧 refers to a shrine within the larger temple complex.
- Syntactic words
- nOBI: ancestral temple; SHI: ancestral temple of the clan
大廟 dà miào OC: daads mraws MC: dɑi miɛu
太廟 tài miào OC: thaads mraws MC: thɑi miɛu 9 AttributionsWD
dài miào
- Syntactic words
- NPcentral ancestral temple of the state
塔 tǎ OC: kh-laab MC: thɑp 7 AttributionsWD
- 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book collection of Chinese Buddhism
(
BAO JIASHENG 2000)
p.
39 Ta3 refers to a type of Buddhist architecture and is a translation of skr. stuupa. Originally stuupa was used for the places where the remains of SSakyamuuni were supposed to be stored. Eventually stuupas were also erected at places where things like Buddhist scriptures, relicts, etc. were buried. Basically there were several kinds of stuupa types transmitted to China. The earliest ta3 was erected in the Ba2ima3 白馬 monastery in Luo4ya2ng, a wooden stuupa in the center of the temple. In the second century the first nine-storied wooden pagodas appeared which eventually became very popular in China. Between the Eastern Han and the Six Dynasties the erection of pagodas became common in China (in LUOYANG QIELANJI ca. 17 pagodas are mentioned. In Fa3-yua4n zhu1-li2n 法苑珠林 more than 1,000 pagodas in the area of Mt. Wu3ta2i 五台 alone are mentioned). During the time of the Six Dynasties certain features became common for the building of a pagoda, e.g. six stories, rectangular shape, each side having three gates and six windows, the colour of the gate usually being bright; several bells on top and in other places of the pagoda, etc. At that time pagodas were erected on a large basement symbolizing Mt. Sumeru (i.e. the Buddhist center of the world) and the pagoda itself was made of wood. However, there was also a small number of stone pagodas built during the Northern Wei which influenced the architecture of stone-pagodas which became popular during and after the Tang. The earliest preserved brick pagoda (zhua1n-ta3 磚塔) dates form 523 (Northern Wei), with 12 sides, built of yellow bricks. During the Sui and Tang, the building of pagodas reached new heights and the shape and size of pagodas became even more diversified. During the Five Dynasties period especially in South-China numberless pagodas were built. Wheras the pagoda was the central structure in monasteries during the Six Dynasties period, pagodas during the Tang did not have this function any longer. From this period only a small number of wooden pagodas servived; however there are many brick-pagodas still existing from that time. The prevailing shape was still rectangular and there were three main types of pagoda buildings. Most of the pagodas preserved from the Tang period are tomb pagodas (mu4-ta3 墓塔) of monks and ta3 in ZTJ usually refers to this type of pagoda. Most of those are built of stone or brick. The most regular type is rectangular, but some consist of six or eight angles or are built in a round shape. The size of these pagodas is not very big and most of them have a height of three to four meters.
- Syntactic words
- nBUDDH: pagoda SANSKRIT stūpa
宮 gōng OC: kuŋ MC: kuŋ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nancestral temple
寺 sì OC: sɢlɯs MC: zɨ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ndwelling for a senior official (post-Han: religious building; Buddhist temple)BUDDH: Buddhist temple or monastery
- npost=Nprthe monastery Npr; the temple Npr
庵 è OC: qoob MC: ʔəp
庵 ān OC: qoom MC: ʔəm 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nsmall house with rund thatched roof (post-Han: small Buddhist temple)
祖 zǔ OC: skaaʔ MC: tsuo̝ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nancestral temple
祠 cí OC: sɢlɯ MC: zɨ 3 AttributionsWD
Cí 祠 referred originally to a small temple built near a grave where the deceased were venerated, but the term came to be used more generally to refer to a private family temple where both ancesters and other divinities of all kinds were venerated. These establishments could be very large in large clans, and very small in small clans.
- Syntactic words
- noriginally a small temple at which ancestors were formally venerated near a grave at publicly prescribed times; then in Han times: generally, place of worship for divinised personalitites; family temple
叢林 cóng lín OC: dzooŋ ɡ-rɯm MC: dzuŋ lim 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: forest trees > Buddhist monastery
寢廟 qǐn miào OC: skhimʔ mraws MC: tshim miɛu 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPceremonial hall in the temple where the ancestors rest, front hall together with back hall
明堂 míng táng OC: mraŋ daaŋ MC: mɣaŋ dɑŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPprthe Bright Hall
道場 dào cháng OC: ɡ-luuʔ ɡrlaŋ MC: dɑu ɖi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: place of the Way (Buddhism) > Buddhist monastery
- NPfigurative"temple"
宗室 zōng shì OC: tsuuŋ qhljiɡ MC: tsuo̝ŋ ɕit 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPancestral shrine
廟堂 miào táng OC: mraws daaŋ MC: miɛu dɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPancestral temple; the anestral temple
郊廟 jiāo miào OC: kreew mraws MC: kɣɛu miɛu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialtemples of all kinds
寢 qǐn OC: skhimʔ MC: tshim 1 AttributionWD
The case of qǐn 寢 is historically very complex. Four uses of the word must be distinguished. A. Qǐn 寢 referred in Spring and Autumn times to a part of the miào 廟 attached to it at as a back-room qǐn 寢 which was a luxuriously appointed bedroom for the use of the ancestors, where these could sleep and where they were also served as if alive (although these concrete practices are first mentioned in Han sources). B. In Warring States times the qǐn 寢 was moved to the vicinity of royal tombs to serve as a place of worship. See TOMB. C. Also, the term referred to the back room behind the formal main hall in which the spirits were venerated (in private homes in the north-western corner).
- Syntactic words
- nback room behind the formal main hall in which the spirits were venerated (in private homes in the north-western corner). At the back of the miào 廟, the qǐn 寢 was a luxuriously appointed bedroom for the use of the ancestors, where these could sleep and where they were also served as if alive, according to later accounts. 漢書，馮奉世傳, 注；漢書，韋玄成傳，注 CHECK [HJG]
祊 bēng OC: praaŋ MC: pɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- ntemple
祏 shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nsmall stone shrine
菴 ān OC: qoom MC: ʔəm 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- nBUDDH: small Buddhist temple; hermitage
塔頭 tǎ tóu OC: kh-laab doo MC: thɑp du 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPbuddhistBUDDH: pagoda, memorial tower
太寢 tài qǐn OC: thaads skhimʔ MC: thɑi tshim 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{vadN}ancestral temple where all the ancestors find their repose, Great Hall of Repose for the Ancestors
禰廟 nǐ miào OC: m-liilʔ mraws MC: nei miɛu 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPone's father's section in the ancestral temple
經行處 jīng xíng chù OC: keeŋ ɢraaŋ qhljas MC: keŋ ɦɣaŋ tɕhi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBUDDH: place in which to take break during meditation; ambulatorium in Buddhist monastery [SK]
神宮 shén gōng MC: zyin -- OC: ɢljin --CH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPholy shrineCH
仙室 xiān shì MC: sjen syit OC: sen qhljiɡDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-Nprdaoist temple devoted to NprDS
祀 sì MC: ziX OC: sɢlɯʔDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-NN's ancestor temple DS
廟宮 miào gōng MC: mjewH kjuwng OC: mraws kuŋDS 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-NprNpr's ancestral templeDS
禰 nǐ OC: m-liilʔ MC: nei 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ntemple to one's deceased father
觀 guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nTaoist temple
佛圖 fó tú OC: bɯd daa MC: bi̯ut duo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPBuddhist temple
天祠 tiān cí OC: lʰiin sɢlɯ MC: then zɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPtemple for sacrifices to Heaven
祠堂 cí táng OC: sɢlɯ daaŋ MC: zɨ dɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1adN2}HANSHU: complex building housing the clan temple in which divinised personalities as well as ancestors were venerated See outstanding illustration of a large scale example in HUANG TU 215.1. There is a late unattributed picture in HYDCD. For ordinary families the cí 祠 could be much smaller.
門 mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nancestral temple
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPholy shrineCH
Existing SW for
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