WINDOW    窗戶牖

HOLE IN a WALL, TYPICALLY with a TIMBER FRAME, COVERED USING GLASS, USED FOR LOOKING OUT OR LETTING IN LIGHT OR AIR.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a window is yǒu 牖, but the word typically refers to a window in the side wall of a building. 2. Chuāng 窗 refers to a window in the roof, but at later stages comes to replace yǒu 牖 as the standard general word for any window. 3. Xiàng 向 / 鄉 is a rare word referring to small windows facing north.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARCHITECTURE 16. 窗，本指天窗，後泛指開在牆壁上用以透光通風的洞口，宋以前是直欞壁窗，後才有開合壁窗，是口語中各種窗的總稱。 牖，內壁窗，開在內室之南牆、戶之西，後來亦泛指開在牆壁上的窗戶。 向，專稱外牆朝北的窗戶，後泛指窗戶。
Modern Chinese Criteria
窗 窗子 窗戶 軒 牖 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • HOLE　EMPTY SPACE in a SURFACE. (anc: 7/0, child: 7)
  • SPACE　What ALL THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 6/0, child: 3)
  • BE IN　RELATION between a THING AND what that THING FILLS OR PART:partially FILLS. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 7.25

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 207

    Dachfenster:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 740

    Fenster:

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 195

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 19

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 488

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 860

    窗，牖，向／鄉

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 112

    • Words (10 items)

    牖  yǒu OC: luʔ MC: jɨu 6 Attributions

    The current general word for a window is yǒu 牖, but the word typically refers to a window in the side wall of a building.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 戶/DOOR Hù 戶 refers to a one-leaf minor door which may be the main door to an ordinary home. [HUANG 1995: 1017 - 1018; ill.: SUN 1991: 44-17]
    • Oppos: 戶/DOOR Hù 戶 refers to a one-leaf minor door which may be the main door to an ordinary home. [HUANG 1995: 1017 - 1018; ill.: SUN 1991: 44-17]

      Syntactic words
    • nwindow in the wall, facing south, next to the door; rarely used in transferred sense: aperture
    窗牖  chuāng yǒu OC: skhrooŋ luʔ MC: ʈʂhɣɔŋ jɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPwindow
    戶牖  hù yǒu OC: ɡlaaʔ luʔ MC: ɦuo̝ jɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfigurativewindow
    窗  chuāng OC: skhrooŋ MC: ʈʂhɣɔŋ 1 Attribution

    Chuāng 窗 refers to a window in the roof, but at later stages comes to replace yǒu 牖 as the standard general word for any window.

      Syntactic words
    • nwindow in the roof of a house (which in ancient times might be dug about one meter into the ground)
    • nadVfrom the window, through the window LIAOZHAI: 窗窺 "look through the window"
    鄉  xiāng OC: qhaŋ MC: hi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Xiàng 向/鄉 is a rare word referring to small windows facing north.

      Syntactic words
    • nwindow facing north (variant graph for 向)
    屋漏  wū lòu OC: qooɡ roos MC: ʔuk lu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • na window in the ceiling
    僚  liáo OC: ɡ-reew MC: leu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZHANG HENG, XIJINGFU: decorated window
    向  xiàng OC: qhaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Xiàng 向/鄉 is a rare word referring to small windows facing north.

      Syntactic words
    • nsmall window in the wall facing north
    望  wàng OC: maŋs MC: mi̯ɐŋ
    望  (wáng) OC: maŋ MC: mi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nwindow
    櫳  lóng OC: b-rooŋ MC: luŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nwindow; also specifically: beam on top of window