SUFFIX  詞綴

NON-FREE MORPHEME ATTACHING AT THE END OF A WORD. GRAMMAR []
Hypernym
  • PARTICLEA WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
    • WORDSOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432)
      • SOUNDWHAT CAN be HEARD.
        • HEARPERCEIVE SOUND....
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING

    Attributions by syntactic funtion

    • ppostadV : 19
    • npost-N : 19
    • vpostadV : 12
    • npostadN : 5
    • vpostad:vi.red : 3
    • ppostadV1.adV2 : 3
    • ppost.npro{Q} : 3
    • vpostadV1.adV2 : 3
    • npostadV : 2
    • ppostadV1.adV2 : 1

    Attributions by text

    • 祖堂集 : 26
    • 臨濟錄 : 13
    • 論語 : 9
    • 莊子 : 5
    • 毛詩 : 3
    • 陸機集十一卷 : 2
    • 荀子 : 2
    • 論衡 : 2
    • 韓非子 : 2
    • 說苑 : 1
    • 墨子 : 1
    • 阮籍集四卷 : 1
    • 賢愚經 : 1
    • 百喻經 : 1
    • 韓詩外傳 : 1

    Words

    子  zǐ OC: sklɯʔ MC: tsɨ 12 AttributionsWD
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 145-155

      By contrast to suffix e2r 兒, suffix zi3 子 had already undergone a long process of grammaticalization and was already very commonly used at the time of the composition of ZTJ. As is the case of e2r, the original meaning of zi3 is child. According to Dragunov the main function of suffix zi3 in Modern Mandarin is that of a morphological indicator of an independent and concrete unit whereas e2r often indicates a unit which is a dependant of, derived from or a subcategory of another unit. However, a study of the two suffixes in ZTJ shows that this contrasting function must have developed at a much later date since at the end of the Tang period suffix zi3 was already the most pervasive of all suffixes whereas e2r was just at the beginning of its grammaticalization process as suffix. This division between the funcional realms of these two suffixes probably took place in the late Song and especially Yuan period when suffix e2r became very common in vernacular texts produced in Northern China.

      According to Sun Xixin 子 did not grammaticalize directly from the word child but from the honorific appellation zi3 (as in fu1-zi3 夫子, ju1n-zi3 君子, Ko3ngzi3 孔子, La3ozi3 老子); zi3 could also be attached to regular nouns with human reference as in qi1-zi3 妻子 (SHI), na2n-zi3 男子 (SHI). From early times onwards N + zi3 could also indicate a person performing a certain action or profession as in zho1u-zi3 舟子 'boat-person > ferry-man' (SHI), chu4-zi3 處子 (ZHUANG), yu2-zi3 漁子 'fish-person > fisherman' yo2u-zi3 游子 'wander-person > wanderer, traveller' (SHIJI). From AC times onwards zi3 could also refer to small, round things as in shi3-zi3 石子 'pebble; rock' mo2u-zi3 眸子 'pupil' (MENG). In the above examples Sun does not regard zi3 as suffix but as a full word. He thinks that zi3 clearly appeared as suffix during the late Han when it was attached to animal and plant names, e.g. shi1-zi3 師子 'lion' (HANSHU); dou4-zi3 豆子 'bean' (Six Dynasties period). From the late Han, Six Dynasties periods onwards, zi3 began also to be suffixed to things (concrete nouns) as in fa2ng-zi3 房子 (HANSHU), ji1n-zi3 金子 'gold' ma4o-zi3 帽子 'cap'; ri4-zi3 日子 'sun' (NANSHI).

    • Untersuchungen zur Grammatik der Modernen Chinesischen Sprache ( DRAGUNOV 1960) p. 67-88

    • Chinese ( NORMAN 1999) p. 113

    • 漢語歷史語法要略 Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ yào lüè An Outline of a Historical Grammar of Chinese ( SUN XIXIN 1992) p. 100ff

    • 近代漢語引論 Jìndài hànyǔ yǐnlùn ( YANG JIANGUO 1993) p. 130

    • 試論漢魏六朝佛典裡的特殊疑問詞 Shìlun4 Hàn Wèi Liùcháo fódiǎn lǐ de tèshū yíwèncí [On Particular Interrogative Pronouns in Buddhist Scriptures of Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties Periods] 語言研究 Yuyan yanjiu ( ZHU QINGZHI 1990) p. 164-168

      Discussing the functions of the suffix in suutra translations.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-N"suffix" for persons characterised by the character that precedes 女子.
    • npost-NN=abstract"suffix" (after abstract nouns)
    • npost-NN=animate"suffix" (after animated nouns)
    • npost-NN=concrete"suffix" (after concrete nouns, often suggesting smallness)
    • npost-NN=hum"suffix" (after nouns referring to a human, often suggesting low status or youthfulness)
    • npostadVdenominal suffix after a verbal expression thereby nominalizing the verb (the verb being a quantifier)
    然  rán OC: njen MC: ȵiɛn 10 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vpostadVsuffix forming stative verbs:
    • vpostadV1.adV2suffix of stative verbs used adverbially: X然 - to be Xwise
    頭  tóu OC: doo MC: du 7 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nnominal "suffix" for abstract noun N
    • npost-NN=concretepostnominal "suffix" (with concrete nouns)
    如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vpostad:vi.redsuffix for descriptive intransitive verbs
    • vpostadVsuffix for descriptive intransitive verbs
    焉  yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadVintensitive verbal suffixCH
    • ppostadV1.adV2works like rán 然: postposed adverb marker
    兒  ér OC: ŋje MC: ȵiɛ 5 AttributionsWD
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 141-145

    • 漢語史通考 Hànyǔshǐ tōngkǎo A Study of the Historical Development of Chinese ( OTA 1991) p. 109

    • 漢語歷史語法要略 Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ yào lüè An Outline of a Historical Grammar of Chinese ( SUN XIXIN 1992) p. 105-107

    • 近代漢語引論 Jìndài hànyǔ yǐnlùn ( YANG JIANGUO 1993) p. 136-137

      Syntactic words
    • npostadNpost-nominal suffix
    • npostadNN=humpost-nominal agent suffix
    爾  ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadVsuffix after descriptive or intensitive verbs, like rán 然
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadVadverbial suffix
    地  dì OC: lils MC: di 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadVsuffix after stative verbs and adverbs
    • ppostadV1.adV2V1=reduplicatedsuffix after reduplicated adverbs
    • ppostadVV=reduplicatedsuffix after reduplicated stative verbs
    等  děng OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ MC: təŋ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • ppost.npro{Q}question word suffix
    許  xǔ OC: hŋaʔ MC: hi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 396, #5

      Syntactic words
    • ppostadVvernacular verbal suffix (similar in function to suffixes 生 and 馨)
    家  jiā OC: kraa MC: kɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 164,177,206

      Syntactic words
    • npost-N"suffix" after pronouns (e.g. 我家, 伊家, 他家)
    自  zì OC: sblids MC: dzi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vpostadVsuffixsuffix after adverbs
    取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vpostadVto a complete degree, finishing the action V [MOVE TO WEAK SUFFIXES!]
    甫  fǔ OC: paʔ MC: pi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Nhonorific "suffix" to a person's name (like fǔ 父)
    當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
    • Studies in the Language of Zu-tang Ji 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004C) p. 261

    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 85

      Syntactic words
    • vpostadVverbal suffix (probably used for disyllabication); sometimes categorized as 'structure word' (結構詞) without any meaning, or as suffix/complement/ auxiliary similar to 著); e.g. 記當, 問當 (BIANWEN); in Tang texts 當 can also be added to copula 為, however, the resulting 為當 is restricted in its function to marking alternative questions

    Existing SW for

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