THIS  這

The NEAR OBJECT.
Hypernym
  • NEARRELATION of being at a SMALL DISTANCE of SPACE OR TIME IN-RELATION-TO something.
    • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
      • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
Hyponym
  • ONLY　THIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT.
    Old Chinese Criteria
    1. The current anaphoric or deictic purely referential demonstrative pronoun "this" is cǐ 此.

    2. Shì 是 has a pregnant use meaning "such a" and characteristically refers to something by virtue of its quality (in which function it is not replaceable with cǐ 此 ), but in many contexts the word is used as a more generalised referential pronoun.

    3. Sī 斯 is currently considered as a dialect variant of cǐ 此, but this raises many problems.

    4. Zhī 之 is a an archaic deictic demonstrative pronoun restricted to adnominal position. It stands to reason that the other meanings of this word may be plausibly derived from this archaic meaning.

    5. Zhě 者 is a highly specialised pronoun always modified by a preceding phrase.

    Modern Chinese Criteria
    rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING

    • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

      THIS

      hic refers to this one that is here.

      iste refers to this one that is yours.

      ille refers to that one that is his.

      is refers to an absent person or thing.

    • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 228

      實，寔

      1. Note that the two characters are NOT homophonous in classical Chinese. The reminder of this in WL 227 is useful. However, it stands to reason that WHEN 實 is used as a loan character for 寔 it should perhaps all the same be read in the pronounciation of the latter word. The point needs systematic investigation.

    • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 589

    Words

    此  cǐ OC: tsheʔ MC: tshiɛ 541 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • npro(adN)anaphoricthe aforementioned concrete item/person as subject
    • npro+N{PRED}anaphoricthis abstract subject (is N)
    • npro.abthis constellation; this situationCH
    • npro.adNabthis 此說之難"These difficulties with persusasion"
    • npro.adNanaphoricthis, these 此人
    • npro.adNdeicticthis present (time) 此歲
    • npro.adNgeneralthis kind of
    • npro.adNhypotheticalthis (hypothetical) person
    • npro.adNmthis
    • npro.adNprthis person so-and-so
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproconcretethese 此三者
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract此三者
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nabthese so-and-so-many abstract Ns　此三欲
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete此三大夫
    • npro.mthis stuff
    • npro.post=Nthis
    • npro1+.Vttonpro2.+N此謂之x
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=abstract此三本者
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=concrete此二人者
    • npro1=npro2adNthis his; this theirCH
    • npro:post.Vt[COMP]+prepgradedthis (after comparative phrases) 大於此
    • nproabstractanaphoric: this (particular aforementioned abstract but definite) item
    • nproabstractthis situation, this fact, this state of affairs 如此
    • nproad.V{NUM}+Nmodifying a counted set of things
    • nproanaphoricthe facts/situation just describedCH
    • nprocataphoricthe following
    • nproconcretethis person; these people (mostly plural) =此人; this concrete thing = 此物
    • nprodeicticthis item (unmentioned in the text before but present in the situation)
    • nprogeneralthe people/situation described above, in general [Interchangeable with 是 SUCH???]
    • nprononreferentiala certain hypothetical one
    • npropluralthese things
    • nproreference=textthis (aforementioned utterance, or quotation)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtpronominal object in preverbal position 此務
    是  shì OC: ɡljeʔ MC: dʑiɛ 370 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 時/MOMENT Shí 時 "time" is commonly used to refer to a moment in time.

      Syntactic words
    • npro[.adN]deictic是鳥也 "As for this bird...": This N, as described above
    • nabconceptthe "this"
    • npro(.adN)anaphoricthis (kind of) N (may come close to a personal pronoun)LZ
    • npro(.adNab)anaphoricthis (kind of) Nab; this Nab as described aboveCH
    • npro(post-vt[0])equivalent to 於是: in/at/from thisLZ
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}contrastiveit is N that PREDs (very much like 實)
    • npro.adNabstractly deictic: this N which has been implicitly around in the argumentationLZ
    • npro.adNabthis (abstract) N
    • npro.adNcataphoricthis N (which will be identified below)
    • npro.adNdeicticthis N (which is present)
    • npro.adNN=concretethis above-mentioned N; these above-mentioned Ns
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract是三者
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=concrete是二者 "these two items"
    • npro.adN{NUM}N=abstract是二 "these two features"
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nab是三端
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete是三臣
    • npro.post=Nab{S}topicalising or nominalising a preceding sentence: thisCH
    • npro.postVtreference=situationthis matter; these events
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=concrete是四國者
    • npro1ad.npro2adNN of this [person/thing] (是其N, 此其N)LZ
    • npro:post.Vt[COMP]+prepabstractsuch an abstract matter/case
    • npro[.adN]time於是，自是"from this time onwards": this time
    • nprocataphoricthe following (i.e. speech etc)
    • nproN=abstractthis (particular abstract thing)
    • nproN=concretethis (particular above-mentioned thing)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtthis (object of the Vt that follows)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vt.postN{TOP}contrastivethis aforementioned N; the preceding N (is the one the SUBJECT VERBS) 敗是求 "it is defeat that you have sought"
    • vicopulabe the item(s) referred to (often abstract, typically 者 after main subject); be the items in question 夫國亦有猛狗，用事者是也。 [Contrast SUCH: be a paradigmatic example.]
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 113 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro(adN)the contextually determinate NCH
    • npro+V.postVtthis; marking embedded sentential objects: that this
    • npro.adNanaphoric: theseCH
    • npro.adNanaphoric"the relevant N, that relevant N, the N in question, the N involved"
    • npro.adNdefinitethe relevant N
    • npro.adNdeicticthe; this
    • npro.adNmthis, the
    • npro.adNnonreferential"a certain (NP)", the「不在其位，不謀其政。 "When one does not hold a certian position one does not make plans for the administration of that position."
    • npro.m:adNnon-anaphoric but context-determined: amounts of the relevantCH
    • npro.postVt:+V[0]him/her/it/them
    斯  sī OC: sqe MC: siɛ 109 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprothis (as described above)CH
    • npro(adN)abstractoften emphatic:this abstract thing; this event; this course of action; this point; nothing other than this
    • npro(adN)concrete示諸斯"point it out on this (i.e. the hand)":this, this thing
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}contrastivethis (resumptive of immediately preceding N subject)
    • npro.adNabthis (modifying non-concrete objects) 斯文, 斯道
    • npro.adNconcretethis (concrete N) 斯子"this son"; often collective: 斯民 "these people", and never identifying: "this people"
    • npro.adNkind ofthis kind of; such
    • npro.adNnonreferentialreferring to hypothetical entities: this kind of; the
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract斯三者
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete斯三人
    • npro[adN]this [place]> hereCH
    • npro[adN]approximatethis time
    • npro{OBJ}+Vt斯食之 pronoun preceding a transitive verb of which it is the object [There are more examples of this that need to reclassified.]
    • viactact like this??
    夫  fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 54 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprothis state of affairsLZ
    • npro.adNthis kind of; such a (with typically untensed predicate); this notorious, this well-known kind of
    • npro.adNthis (notorious and) above-mentionedCH
    • npro.adNdefinitethat N of his
    • npro.adNdeicticthis specificCH
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    • nprotopicthis man, this fellow; this thing, this behaviour
    • V{S}pro.adSwhen one acts like this (then S1)
    實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 27 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}the subject N is the one that V-s. 天實置之，
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis, these 之二虫 "these two (kinds of) creatures" (ZHUANG)
    • npro.postVtdeicticthis item, this thing
    • npro.postVtindefinitea certain object, the relevant object
    茲  zī OC: sɯ MC: tsɨ 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNOBI: this
    • npro[adN]OBI 4: achaic: this
    • npro[adN]abstractthis abstract (procedure/reason etc)CH
    • npro[adN]N=timethis point of timeDS
    • nproanaphoricthe aboveCH
    個  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 10 Attributions

    zhè gè

      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNN=abstractthis N (N is abstract)
    • NPpro.adNN=humthis N
    • NPprosubjectthis one over here (close to the speaker), this
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNcolloquial: this 若由也; this matter 若所為
    • npro.adNtheseCH
    則是  zé shì OC: skɯɯɡ ɡljeʔ MC: tsək dʑiɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PP+Nab{PRED}.postSAnd this (is of the Nab type)
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Ndefinite post-nominal particle: these (NPs)
    • npro.adNthis N
    • ppostNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}a certain (Mr X); this fellow (Yan Hui)
    寔  shí OC: ɡljɯɡ MC: dʑɨk 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    • nproanaphoricthis same item
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]the one (as opposed to the other) 一者　(Perhaps this should be read as "the first" under ONE, but in fact, the reference is not to the first in a sequence but to ANY one in a sequence as opposed to the other)
    伊  yī OC: qlil MC: ʔi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    其  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯCH 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNarticledefinite article: the (relevant)CH
    這者  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 3 Attributions

    zhè

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNN=classifierthis (preceding nominal classifiers)
    • npro.adNN=concretethis (with concrete nouns)
    • npro.adNN=humthis
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nthis (preceding a noun phrase consisting of a numeral and noun)
    斯等  sī děng OC: sqe k-lɯɯŋʔ MC: siɛ təŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprothese
    • NPpro.adNpluralthese N
    箇  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNN=humthis
    • NPproobjectthis
    • NPprosubjectthis
    厥  jué MC: kjwot OC: --CH 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padNthis, thatCH
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNweak "this" HYDCD: 虛指
    個  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ
    箇  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 2 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 137, #1

      這，那。指示代詞

      JIUTANGSHU 53: 個小兒。。。

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    彼  bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis! (The SHI passage seems to allow no other reading.)
    時  shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNdeicticpre-classical demonstrative pronoun
    如是  rú shì OC: nja ɡljeʔ MC: ȵi̯ɤ dʑiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNthis self-same
    • NPpro{OBJ}+Vtreference=objectthe following 如是聞
    • NPpro{OBJ}.+N+Vtthe following (textual) object 如是我聞
    這  yàn zhè，zhèi MC: ngjenH OC: ŋransCH 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNabthisCH
    只  zhǐ OC: kljeʔ MC: tɕiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNcolloquialcolloquial: this
    爾  ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNBUDDH: that [SK]
    是其  shì qí OC: ɡljeʔ ɡɯ MC: dʑiɛ gɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpronominalof this
    是諸  shì zhū OC: ɡljeʔ klja MC: dʑiɛ tɕi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproBUDDH: these several> these
    者個  zhě gè OC: kljaʔ kaals MC: tɕɣɛ kɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNthis, these
    那一  nà yī OC: naals qliɡ MC: nɑ ʔit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNRead nà yī> nèi: that {Is the the origin of 那 nèi???}
    所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nprothis (?)
    其  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯCH 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNarticledefinite article: the (relevant)CH
    當  dāng MC: tang OC: taaŋCH 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNthe relevant NCH
    此數  cǐ shù MC: tshjeX srjuH OC: tsheʔ sqrosCH 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprotheseCH
    此諸  cǐ zhū OC: tsheʔ klja MC: tshiɛ tɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpropluralthese several; these
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adN1.adN2Read zhè yī > zhèi: this 這一般人 (This is surely the origin of the reading zhèi).
    若此  ruò cǐ MC: nyae tshjeX OC: njaɡ tsheʔDS 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words

    Existing SW for

    Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: