MUD    泥土

INTENSELY MOIST SOIL.
MIRESLUDGEOOZESILTCLAYDIRTSOIL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Ní 泥 refers derogatorily to wet earth or mud, and this is the most general word. 2. Zhǐ 埴 refers neutrally to sticky soil. 3. Tú 塗／涂 refers to very wet earth or mud. 4. Nào 淖 refers derogatorily to mud in a mud puddle. 5. Jìn 瑾 refers neutrally to the mixture of mud with straw that is used in building houses. 6. Yū 淤 refers derogatorily to sludge on the bottom of water, or silt.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GEOGRAPHY 20. 和水的土成泥土。 泥，通稱。 塗，人工拌和用來抹牆塞洞的稀泥。 淤，水中沉澱的泥沙。 涅，黑泥。 淀，沉積的泥滓，方言詞。 淖，粘稠足以陷人的深泥。 濘，粘稠足以陷人的淺泥。
Modern Chinese Criteria
埴 泥土 泥 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • CLAY　MUD USED by POTTERS in PRODUCING VESSELS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
See also
  • CLAYMUD USED by POTTERS in PRODUCING VESSELS.
Hypernym
  • SOIL　SUBSTANCE ON the EARTH in which PLANTS GROW. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 249

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 1.214

  • 《說文段注》“渾言”“析言”在漢語詞義研究中的意義 "Shuowen Duan zhu" "hun yan" "xi yan" zai Hanyu ci yi yanjiu zhong de yiyi 杭州大學學報 Hangzhou daxue xuebao ( CHI CHANGHAI 1991) p. 165

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    MUD

    lutum refers to the dirt of the streets or roads.

    limus refers to the mud of a river.

    coenum refers to the mire of a moor or morass.

    DIRT

    sodes refers to dirtiness through indigence or niggardliness and vulgarity.

    squalor refers to dirtiness, and unkemptness, through want of civilised habits and of delicacy in the senses.

    paedor refers to dirtiness through neglect of the person.

    situs is dirtiness as a conseuqence of long disuse, for example thorough mould, rust etc.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 40

    • Words (11 items)

    泥  ní OC: niil MC: nei 11 Attributions

    Ní 泥 refers to wet earth or mud, and this is the most general word.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 塗/MUD Tú 塗／涂 refers to very wet earth or mud.

      Syntactic words
    • nadVplacein the mud
    • nmwet earth> mud; dark mud
    • vifigurativeget bogged down
    • vtoNcausativeto plaster (a wall etc)
    塗  tú OC: laa MC: duo̝ 7 Attributions

    Tú 塗／涂 refers to very wet earth or mud.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 泥/MUD Ní 泥 refers to wet earth or mud, and this is the most general word.

      Syntactic words
    • nmmud, dirt
    • nmadNmade of mud
    淖  nào OC: rneewɡs MC: ɳɣɛu 4 Attributions

    Nào 淖 refers to mud in a mud puddle.

      Syntactic words
    • nmdeep mud, sludge
    泥治  nì chí OC: niils rlɯ MC: nei ɖɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)plaster properly with mud
    泥糞  ní fèn OC: niil puns MC: nei pi̯un 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmmud
    埴  zhí OC: djɯɡ MC: dʑɨk 1 Attribution

    Zhí 埴 refers to sticky soil.

      Syntactic words
    • nsticky, muddy soil; clay
    坭  nǐ OC: niilʔ MC: nei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmud
    墐  jìn OC: ɡrɯns MC: gin 0 Attributions

    Jìn 瑾 refers to the mixture of mud with straw that is used in building houses.

      Syntactic words
    • nmud with straw
    • vtoNto plaster
    污  wū OC: qʷlaa MC: ʔuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmmud, dirt
    涂  tú OC: laa MC: duo̝ 0 Attributions

    Tú 塗／涂 refers to very wet earth or mud.

      Syntactic words
    淤  yū OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Yū 淤 refers to sludge on the bottom of water, or silt.

      Syntactic words