ADDRESS 對人家說對
SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT.
Hypernym
- SPEAKACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z.
Hyponym
- COMMAND ADDRESS someone, USING AUTHORITY, INTENDING to CAUSE that person to ACT RESEMBLE:as one INTENDS him to ACT.
- DECREE PUBLIC COMMAND ISSUED by the RULER OR by HIGH AUTHORITY.
- DEPLOY COMMAND an ARMY to ACT:engage in WARFARE.
- EMPLOY COMMAND to ACT:do PAID WORK FOR ONESELF.
- LAW GROUP of ENDURING PUBLIC COMMANDS SHOULD:obligatory FOR ALL MEMBERS of a STATE....
- SUMMON COMMAND to COME to a SUPERIOR, OFTEN TOGETHER with OTHERS.
- FORBID COMMAND NOT to ACT:do something.
- SEND COMMAND OR CAUSE something OR someone to MOVE OR BE MOVED to a PLACE....
- DON'T COMMAND that one SHOULD NOT to ACT in a DEFINED way.
- CONGRATULATE ADDRESS someone who is CELEBRATING SOMETHING so as to RITUALLY COMMUNICATE one's GOOD WISHES FOR him/her at THIS TIME.
- CONSOLE ADDRESS someone OR INTERACT with someone who is SUFFERING so as to COMMUNICATE one's SYMPATHY with him, and so as to HELP him.
- DIALOGUE MUTUAL ADDRESSING EXCHANGED between those who MUTUALLY LISTEN.
- ARGUE DIALOGUE in which one COMPETES in EXPLAINing something USING REASONS to CONVINCE OTHERS that what one SAYS is TRUE.
- CONVERSATION FREE AND NOT OFFICIAL DIALOGUE AMONG FRIENDS, TYPICALLY ABOUT IMORTANT QUESTIONS OF COMMON INTEREST.
- SOLILOQUY DIALOGUE of a PERSON WITH SELF:him/herself
- NECROMANCY DIALOGUE WITH THE DEAD IN ORDER TO PREDICT FUTURE.
- DEMAND ADDRESS someone so as to COMMAND that that person ACT:do something.
- FAREWELL ADDRESS someone to REPORT that one is FUTURE:about-to LEAVE, OFTEN:typically COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR him.
- GOOD-BYE Performative form of words used on occasions of FAREWELL.
- PERMIT ADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do.
- RELEASE PERMIT to LEAVE OR to MOVE FREELY.
- PRAY ADDRESS DEITIES OFTEN:typically with RITUAL REQUESTS.
- EXORCISE PRAY so as to TRY to REMOVE WICKED SUPERNATURAL FORCES.
- PROMISE ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her.
- CONTRACT MUTUALLY PROMISE, TYPICALLY USING WRITING, TO ACT in a certain way.[[VERTRAG]]...
- FORGIVE PROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
- GUARANTEE PROMISE TO CAUSE SOMETHING TO be ACHIEVED.
- BETROTHAL PROMISE TO MARRY
- ANSWER ADDRESS someone who has ADDRESSED one REQUESTING such an ADDRESS as a REACTION.
- REPORT ADDRESS others so as to CAUSE them to BECOME AWARE of a FACT.
- PUBLICISE REPORT to ALL....
- PREDICT REPORT one's GUESSING about the FUTURE.
- STORY REPORT of a SEQUENCE of REAL OR FICTIONAL EVENTS....
- ANNUNCIATION REPORT TO MARY THAT SHE IS PREGNANT WITH JESUS
- REQUEST To ADDRESS someone so as to TRY TO CAUSE him/her TO ACT in a certain way.
- TEACH ADDRESS OTHERS so as to TRY to CAUSE them to HAVE SKILLS OR TALENTS.*Teaching by the teacher X, to learner Y, of content Z.
- EDUCATE SYSTEMATIC TEACHING FOR TRANSMISSION of MORALITY, CULTURE AND SKILLS.
- REVELATION NEW TRANSCENDENT TEACHING
- THANK ADDRESS someone so as to SHOW GRATEFUL:gratitude, USING WORDS.
- THANK YOU I hereby THANK YOU.
- WARN ADDRESS someone so as to CAUSE him to UNDERSTAND what one BELIEVES to be DANGEROUS FOR him.
- OATH ADDRESS someone DECLARING INTENSELY that what one is SAYING is TRUE, and in so doing REFERRING to DEITIES as WITNESSES.
- PERJURY OATH in which one LIES.
- COMMUNICATE MUTUALLY ADDRESS so as to CAUSE an IDEA to be UNDERSTOOD.
- ADVISE ADDRESS someone INTENDing to HELP his/her PLANing.
- CHALLENGE ADDRESS someone so as DEMAND to FIGHT WITH him, OR so as to DEMAND another COURAGEOUS REACTION.
- PREACH ADDRESS OTHERS in EXPLAINING SUPERNATURAL TRUTHS.
- GREET ADDRESS someone one is MEETING NOW COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR her/him.
- BOW DOWN GREET so as to BEND one's BODY DOWN as a POLITE GESTURE....
- REPROACH ADDRESS someone so as to BLAME him/her.
- INSULT ADDRESS SOMEONE SO AS TO CAUSE HIM TO BECOME ANGRY
Old Chinese Criteria
[FORMAL/INFORMAL]
[IMPORTANT/INSIGNIFICANT]
[PRESCRIBED/SPONTANEOUS]
[PRIVATE/PUBLIC]
1. Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect.
[ASCENDING], [FORMAL], [PRESCRIBED]
2. Wèi 謂 is a common word referrring to any form of addressing (often of inferiors) for which the subject has taken an independent initiative.
[DESCENDING!], [SPONTANEOUS]
3. Yán 言 (ant. mò 默 "fail to speak up, remain silent") typically involves addressing someone with a formal (often public and political) suggestion, taking the initiative to speak up.
[FORMAL], [PUBLIC!], [SPONTANEOUS]
4. Gào 告 is typically to address an individual or a group in a formal way or in an important matter, and the content of the address is most often information, but there are also often questions or suggestions involved, when these questions and suggestions are passed on as a message from someone else than the speaker himself.
[FORMAL], [IMPORTANT], [SPONTANEOUS]
Modern Chinese Criteria
public address:
演講 refers standardly to giving a public lecture.
講演 typically refers nominally to a public lecture.
演說 refers to a public presentation of a less formal kind, typically viewed as performance.
發言 refers to an act of speaking up in public, long or short.
作報告 is a verb referring to the making of a report.
first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH/
- Chinese terms of address Language ( CHAO YUEN REN 1956) p.
- Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien
(
DOEDERLEIN 1840)
p.
ADDRESS
alloqui is to adress a person who is a stranger with a greeting.
appelare is to address someone so as to draw him or her into a serious conversation.
affari is to turn to someone emotionally by addressing him or her.
LW
appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;
adpello, adpellare, adpellavi, adpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;
adeo, adire, adivi(ii), aditus V 6 1 [XXXAO]
approach; attack; visit, address; undertake; take possession (inheritance);
destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
|determine/intend; settle on, arrange; design; send, address, dedicate (Bee);
conpello, conpellare, conpellavi, conpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse
compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse
*
- Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques
(
DUFOUR 1910)
p.
35 - 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
48 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
4.893 KOMMUNIKATION
- 王力古漢語字典
(
WANG LI 2000)
p.
1289 謂，曰
1. WL claims that we4i 謂 does not introduce direct speech by itself and is always followed by yue1 曰 when introducing speech. In fact, the situation is much more complicated, and we4i 謂 does introduce direct speech by itself without yue1 曰 many times even in LY, the special nuance being brought out in the translations below:
子謂子賤〔KZJY adds: 曰〕:君子哉若人!魯無君子者,斯焉取斯?
"The Master said of Zjia4n: 'What a gentleman, this kind of person! If there were no gentlemen in Lu3, how could he have acquired his qualities?" LY 5.3
One sees easily why the Jia1yu3 家語 added the yue1 曰: "What a gentleman, this kind of person" is unmistakably direct speech in the classical Chinese as in English. And the fact is there is no yue1 曰 in the LY text. Neither is there in the following:
子謂公冶長可妻也。雖在縲絏之中,非其罪也。以其子妻之。
"The Master said about Go1ngye3 Cha2ng: 'He is a suitable person to give someone to in marriage. Although he is in fetters, it is not his crime.' He married him off to his daughter." LY 5.1
The Lu4nhe2ng 論衡 does not recognise this construction and quotes our passage with yue1 曰 for we4i 謂 which certainly makes for easier reading.
子謂南容邦有道不廢。邦無道免於刑戮。以其兄之子妻之。
"The Master said about Na2n Ro2ng: 'When the Way prevailed in the state he was not cast aside. When the Way did not prevail in the state he avoided punishment and execution.' And he gave him his elder brother's daughter in marriage." LY 5.2
子謂子產有君子之道四焉:其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其養民也惠,其使民也義。
"The Master said about Zcha3n: 'He has four Ways of the gentleman: in his actions he is diligent; in his service for superiors he is respectful; in caring for the people he is generous; in deploying the people he is just." LY 18.8
One can see why one would want to avoid a form like z we4i Zcha3n yue1 子謂子產曰 to mean "The Master commented on Zcha3n saying:'...'". This is simply because such a form would be obviously bound to be misunderstood to mean "Confucius told Zcha3n: '...'".
子謂衛公子荊善居室。始有曰:苟合矣。少有曰:苟完矣。富有曰:苟美矣。
"The Master said about Prince Jng: 'He was good at living in houses. When he first had one he said: "It will do for the time being." When he had a somewhat larger one he said: "It has everything for the time being." When he had a sumptuous place he said: "It is beautiful for the time being."'" LY 13.8. Compare also LY 5.16 and 18.8 for the same construction.
Couvreur p. 213 indulges in a beautifully complex pattern of direct speech within indirect speech in his Latin paraphrase: "Magister aiebat Wei regni magnum praefectum Koung Tzeu king bene contentum esse domo sua;quum doeperit possidere aliquantulum, dixisse, 'Paululum comparavi;' quum aliquantulam copiam habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere completa est [opulentia mea];' quum abunde habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere splendidum est'." The question is precisely whether this way of construing the Chinese does or does not have any soundbasis in classical Chinese grammar. The answer is that traditional Chinese commentators have been consistently indifferent to our distinction.33 D.C. Lau 1983, p. 123 renders this indifference towards the problem of direct/indirect speech well in his translation, but he does not maintain that studied indifference in the punctuation of the Chinese text.
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
2B PERSONENBEZEICHNUNGEN
- Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung
(
FRANKE 1989)
p.
80A - Begruessung und Abschied bei Homer (Dissertation) ( ELMIGER 1935) p.
Words
言 yán OC: ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɐn 66 AttributionsWD
Yán 言 (ant. mò 默 "fail to speak up, remain silent") typically involves addressing someone with a formal (often public and political) suggestion, taking the initiative to speak up. >>FORMAL, SPONTANEOUS, PUBLIC!
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+Ntalk to, make representations to
- vt+prep+N.adVspeaking to 言於王曰 said to the king ZUO, ZGC, SHIJI, XINLUN
- vtoNspeak up addressing (someone)
- vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2omsay something determinate N1 to (someone N2)
謂 wèi OC: ɢuds MC: ɦɨi 35 AttributionsWD
Wèi 謂 is a common word referrring to any form of addressing (often of inferiors) for which the subject has taken an independent initiative. >>DESCENDING!, SPONTANEOUS
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN.)+Vaddress a contextually determinate person and say
- vtoN.+VtoSaddress N and say S
- vttoN.+Ssay to (someone)(direct speech) [note: without 曰]
語言 yù yán OC: ŋas ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɤ ŋi̯ɐn 30 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtt(oN.)+Stell the contextually determinate N: "S"; say to the contextually determinate N "S"; speak to the contextually determinate N as follows: "S"
- VPtt(oN.)+Simperativetell the contextually determinate N that S!
告 gào OC: kuuɡs MC: kɑu 28 AttributionsWD
Gào 告 is typically to address an individual or a group in a formal way or in an important matter, and the content of the address is most often information, but there are also often questions or suggestions involved, when these questions and suggestions are passed on as a message from someone else than the speaker himself. >>FORMAL, IMPORTANT
- Syntactic words
- vt+prep+N.adVtoSpass on a message to (somebody), (saying:
- vtoN.+VtoSaddressing (someone)(say) 告眾曰
- vtt(oN1.+prep+N2)N2=humantell the fact N1 to the person N2CH
- vttoN.+SS=direct.speechaddress someone with the words S
語 yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 22 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN.)+Vtell the contextually determinate N that S
- vtt(oN1.)+N2tell N2 about the contextually determinate N1CH
- vttoN.+VtoSreport to; let somebody know; post-Han sometimes: tell someone to carry out the instruction in the speech 語人曰
白 bái OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 13 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.+VtoSaddress (usually a superior, and politely) 白佛曰
- vtt(oN.)+Saddress N, with the (written or spoken) message SCH
- vttoN.+Saddress N politely witht he words S
- vttoN.+SS=indirect.speechsay S to N (who is of superior status)
向 xiàng OC: qhaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 12 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 對/ADDRESS
Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect. Duì 對 is typically in response to a question, whereas wèi 謂 and yán 言 never are. >>FORMAL, ASCENDING, PRESCRIBED
- Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
(
ANDERL 2004B)
p.
334-335 From the Six Dynasties period onwards xia4ng appeared in constructions in which the main verb expressed a speech act. In this pattern xia4ng marks the indirect object of the main verb, i.e. the person the speech act is directed towards (SHUISHUO, Tang poetry, BIANWEN). In ZTJ this function is very common and the coverb appears with a variety of words expressing speech acts, introducing direct speech. [fn. 981: That function of xia4ng stayed common until MM. However in late Ming and early Qing 了 was often attached to the coverb xia4ng, possibly an influence from a dialect (see Feng Chuntian 2000: 329).]
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + yu2n 云 (VTS) 'say to '
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + da4o 道 (VTS) 'tell'
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + yue1 曰 (VTS) 'say to'
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + shuo1 說 (VTS) 'speak to; tell'
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + we4n 問 (VTS) 'ask'
xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + nia3n 拈 (VTS) 'cite (a problem/case) to'
This usage is certainly derived from the main verb xia4ng meaning 'turn towards; head into the direction of; etc.'. Thus it is sometimes tempting to interpret xia4ng as V1 in serial verb constructions with a V2 expressing a speech act, for example xia4ng zho4ng yu2n 向眾云: 'to turn towards/face the assembly and say'; however, there are examples which clearly reveal the coverbal character of xia4ng in these constructions. In the following example xia4ng has to be translated as a coverb:
751) ZTJ 1.115; WU: 72
“我向你道莫出家。”
wo3 xia4ng ni3 da4o mo4 chu1-jia1
NPRO1SG/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/NPRO2SG/speak/NEG.IMP/leave-home
"I tell you: Do not become a monk!"
Occasionally the coverbal object is deleted:
752) ZTJ 1.136; WU: 83
“忽逢修道人，
hu1 fe1ng xiu1-da4o re2n
SI.CONDif/meet/practice-way/person
"If one meets a person practicing the Way
第一莫向道。”
di4-yi1 mo4 xia4ng da4o
PREF.ORD/NUMone/NEG.IMP/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/speak
it is paramount not to talk to [him]."
753) ZTJ 1.086; WU: 54
過江了，向行者云：
guo4 jia1ng lia3o xia4ng xi2ng-zhe3 yu2n
cross/river/finish??/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/TITpostulant/speak
After they had crossed the River Jia1ng he said to the postulant:
Occasionally the word is also used in a postverbal position; however this usage is comparatively rare.
xia4ng 向 (PREP.OBJ.SPEECH):
754) ZTJ 1.068; WU: 42
讓和尚說向道一也。
Ra4ng he2-sha4ng shuo1 xia4ng Da4oyi1 ye3
NPR/TITpreceptor/teach(expound)/PREP.OBJ.SPEECH/NPR/SF
Preceptor Ra4ng is talking to/expounding to [Ma3zu3] Da4oyi1.
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.adVcoverb introducing the recipient of a speech act: address somebody (and say); addressing oneself to N
話 huà OC: ɡroods MC: ɦɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabtexttalk; occasionally, archaic: what one says
- vtoNtalk to
告曰 gào yuē OC: kuuɡs ɢʷad MC: kɑu ɦi̯ɐt 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoSaddress a contextually determinate audience with the message S
對 duì OC: k-luubs MC: tuo̝i 2 AttributionsWD
Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect. Duì 對 is typically in response to a question, whereas wèi 謂 and yán 言 never are. >>FORMAL, ASCENDING, PRESCRIBED
- Syntactic words
- vtoNaddress (an incoming visitor etc at the door); address others in conversation
- vtoN.adV對曰addressing oneself to someone of higher status, not by way of replying to something he has said but to something he has done
- vtoN.adVfigurativeaddressing > regarding, concerning
命喚 mìng huàn OC: mɢreŋs qhloons MC: mɣaŋ hʷɑn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPttoN.+Saddress N saying S
誓言 shì yán OC: ɡljeds ŋan MC: dʑiɛi ŋi̯ɐn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPabtextsolemn address
- VPtoSswear an oath to the effect that S
加 jiā MC: kae OC: kraalCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt prep Npassivebe addressed toCH
諭 yù MC: yuH OC: losCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoNderivedaddress N with the intention to inform NCH
誓 shì OC: ɡljeds MC: dʑiɛi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nabactinvocation
- vt+prep+Ninvoke, swear by
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:
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