BOUNDARY  邊界界

LIMIT which DIVIDES something into the INSIDE and OUTSIDE.
BORDERFRONTIERBORDERLINEPARTITIONFENCELINE
Hypernym
  • LIMITMOMENT OR PLACE which DEFINES what is INSIDE AND what is OUTSIDE something.
    • MOMENTPOINT of TIME OR INTENSELY SHORT TIME.
      • TIMEABSTRACT OBJECT that all EVENTS ARE-IN.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
See also
Hyponym
Old Chinese Criteria
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[AREA/LINE]

1. Jiè 界 is perhaps the most general word for any border or boundary of any kind, current especially from Han times onwards, but the border thus designated is typically demarkated by some signs or symbols.

[GENERAL]

2. Jìng 境 is the technical general term for a border or borderline between states.

[LINE], [SPECIFIC]

3. Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment..

[LINE], [SPECIFIC]

4. Biān 邊 refers to a border area as viewed from the angle of what is within this border. See BORDER AREA

[AREA],

5. LŸè 略 is sometimes used to refer to the borders between territories or states in ZUO.

[ARCHAIC], [LINE]; [[RARE]]

6. Fēng jiāng 封疆 refers in an abstract or bureaucratic way to all manner of boundaries.

7. Xiàn 限 is an elevated very rare term for a delimitation regarded as something set deliberately rather than naturally or historically given. Compare also LIMIT

[ELEVATED], [+FIG]; [[RARE]]

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006

GEOGRAPHY 4.

界，界限的總稱。

限，把某一事物從另一事物中劃分出來的界限。

際，事物間的相接合的界限。

垠，天地宇宙不可及的極限或事物難以劃出的界限。

極，廣大地域極遠的邊界。

GEOGRAPHY 5. 地界。

疆，通稱。

封，堆土植樹而成的地界。

畔，耕作的田土界限。

略，以某一具體區域為邊界，重在歸屬。

境，國境線，是劃界的標志，不是地帶。

Modern Chinese Criteria
界線

界

垠

際

分界

限界

界限

畛域

疆界

境界

邊界

地界 refers to the boundary of any plot of land.

周界

邊際

國界

省界

州界

縣界

區界

鄉界

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.17

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BOUNDARY

    finis refers to a boundary as an abstract line.

    terminus refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a stone set up as the sign of a bounding point.

    limes refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a ridge.

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 454

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 70

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 38

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.66

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.873

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 246

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 171

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

Words

境  jìng OC: kraŋʔ MC: kɣaŋ
竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 39 AttributionsWD

Jìng 境 is the technical general term for a border or borderline between states. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

    Word relations

    Syntactic words
  • nn(post-Npl): border-line of the state, border of the state (for 出境 compare 出門)
  • nabfigurativedistinction; border; boundary
界  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 17 AttributionsWD

Jiè 界 is perhaps the most general word for any border or boundary of any kind, current especially from Han times onwards, but the border thus designated is typically demarkated by some signs or symbols. [GENERAL]

    Syntactic words
  • nthe (typically marked) border; sometimes by synecdoche the reference is to "area enclosed by the border", and these cases are not easy to separate out.
  • nabdeverbal: dividing or limiting function of the state borders
  • vtoNZGC: have a state boundary with, have a common boundary with
封疆  fēng jiāng OC: poŋ kaŋ MC: pi̯oŋ ki̯ɐŋ 14 AttributionsWD

Fēng jiāng 封疆 refers in an abstract or bureaucratic way to all manner of boundaries.

    Syntactic words
  • NPpluralboundaries (of a state, or between fields)
封  fēng OC: poŋ MC: pi̯oŋ 11 AttributionsWD

Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment.. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

    Word relations
  • Assoc: 洫/BOUNDARY Xù 洫 refers to a canal which serves as a boundary for a territory.

    Syntactic words
  • nborder marked by raised earth marked with trees; 四封，封洫generally: border
  • vt+prep+Nmake a boundary at
  • vtoNdemarcate, outline the boundary of
疆  jiāng OC: kaŋ MC: ki̯ɐŋ 9 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • n(a) state boundary
  • ngeneralboundaries
  • vtoNcausativecause to have proper boundaries; make boundaries for; demarcate territory of
邊  biān OC: peen MC: pen 7 AttributionsWD

Biān 邊 refers to a border area as viewed from the angle of what is within this border. See BORDER AREA [AREA]

    Syntactic words
  • nborder (of a state, or of the empire, as viewed from the inside)
  • nabmetaphysicalboundary, limit
  • nadNmarginal, near the border; on the border; border- 邊吏
關  guān OC: kroon MC: kɣan 7 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nborder point, border check-point; mountain pass
  • nfigurativebarrier
塞  sài OC: sɯɯɡs MC: səi 4 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nfrontier, border region
  • nadNborderland-
  • nfigurativelimits of proper behaviour, boundaries that should not be exceededLZ
限  xiàn OC: ɡrɯɯnʔ MC: ɦɣɛn 4 AttributionsWD

Xiàn 限 is an elevated very rare term for a delimitation regarded as something set deliberately rather than naturally or historically given. Compare also LIMIT [ELEVATED], [+FIG]; [[RARE]]

    Syntactic words
  • nboundary
  • nsubjectthat which is limited; that which is as limited (as what is specified in the preceding phrase) 五丈之限 "something with a limited height of five zhang"???
  • vtoNfix boundaries for, set definite boundaries for
經界  jìng jiè OC: keeŋs kreeds MC: keŋ kɣɛi 3 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPnonreferential(administration of boundaries??>) boundaries, borders
徼  jiào OC: kleewɡs MC: keu 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nSHIJI: boundary, frontier
  • vtoNreach as boundaryCH
理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • ndivision between fields (SHI)
  • vtoNcausativedivide up into sections; make boundaries
際  jì OC: skeds MC: tsiɛi 2 AttributionsWD

    Syntactic words
  • nrift or boundary where different areas meet
邊境  biān jìng OC: peen kraŋʔ MC: pen kɣaŋ 2 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPborder; border regions
圉  yǔ OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nSHI: border, frontier
埸  yì OC: leɡ MC: jiɛk 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nboundary
宇  yǔ OC: ɢʷraʔ MC: ɦi̯o 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • nboundary??
略  lüè OC: ɡ-raɡ MC: li̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD

Lyè 略 is sometimes used to refer to the borders between territories or states in ZUO. [ARCHAIC], [LINE]; [[RARE]]

    Syntactic words
  • nZUO: boundary between territories or states
他竟  tā jìng OC: lʰaal kraŋs MC: thɑ kɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPboundary to another country
分界  fēn jiè OC: pɯn kreeds MC: pi̯un kɣɛi 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPababstract distinction or borderline
分野  fēn yě OC: pɯn laʔ MC: pi̯un jɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
  • () p. 984a

    分界；界限

    Syntactic words
  • NPborder, border region (early examples in HYDCD dating from the Song)
封略  fēng lǜe OC: poŋ ɡ-raɡ MC: pi̯oŋ li̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPboundaries (of a state)
疆埸  jiāng yì OC: kaŋ leɡ MC: ki̯ɐŋ jiɛk 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPboundary
疆畔  jiāng pàn OC: kaŋ baans MC: ki̯ɐŋ bʷɑn 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPboundary, demarcated area
竟埸  jìng yì OC: kraŋs leɡ MC: kɣaŋ jiɛk 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPnonreferentialboundary
畛域  zhēn yù MC: tsyin hwik OC: kljɯn ɢʷrɯɡCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPnonreferentialboundaries of any kindCH
蘄  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯLZ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • n= yín 垠: boundaryLZ
介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nborder [anciently sometimes written for 界)
垂  chuí MC: dzywe OC: djol 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • nboundary; boundary area SANGUOZHI
堮  è OC: ŋɡlaaɡ MC: ŋɑk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • npost-Han colloquial: border
洫  xù OC: qhʷrɯɡ MC: hɨk 0 AttributionsWD

Xù 洫 refers to a canal which serves as a boundary for a territory.

    Word relations
  • Assoc: 封/BOUNDARY Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment.. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

    Syntactic words
封界  fēng jiè OC: poŋ kreeds MC: pi̯oŋ kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPababstract borderline

Existing SW for

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