LETTER    書信書

PRIVATE DOCUMENT FOR SENDING TO, and ADDRESSING, someone.
WRITTEN MESSAGEMESSAGEWRITTEN COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONNOTELINEMISSIVEDISPATCHCORRESPONDENCENEWSINFORMATIONINTELLIGENCEWORDPOSTMAILFORMAL EPISTLE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general term for a letter is shū 書. 2. Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general. 3. Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs. 8. Xí 檄 and lù bù 露布 refer to bureacratic correspondence concerning military matter.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 COMM 35. 公文類書信，西周已有；個人政治性交往的信件，春秋已多；典型的家信，戰國始見。 書，總稱。 尺牘，通稱。 信，口語通稱。 牋，給郡守武將或皇后太子之信，泛稱給上級或友人的信，有禮敬色彩。 札，短小書信，有隨便或親昵的色彩。函，突出函封，有莊重色彩。 COMM 36. 鯉魚，秦漢書信往往用此形木匣函盛，代稱書信，喻指信使，有神秘色彩。 鴻雁，有美好德性的候鳥，以此喻稱信使，代稱書信，有思美色彩。 青鳥，又稱青鸞，神話傳說中西王母的使者，喻稱信使，有浪漫色彩。 黃耳，晉人陸機所養犬，能為主人遠送家信，以此喻指信使，有戀鄉色彩。
Hyponym
  • MEMORIAL　PUBLIC LETTER ADDRESSED to a RULER. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • DOCUMENT　ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR CONTAINING WRITING. (anc: 5/0, child: 15)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 18.54

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 244

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 63

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 233

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 7.850

    PHILOSOPHIE.LITERARISCHE FORMEN

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 300

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 238

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 2.232:160

    EPITRE.LETTRE

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.220

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 130

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 77B

    • Words (19 items)

    書  shū OC: qhlja MC: ɕi̯ɤ 19 Attributions

    The general term for a letter is shū 書.

      Syntactic words
    • nletter
    • nadNletter's; of the letterDS
    • vi-.Vt[0] Swrite a letter which said S:CH
    信  xìn OC: sins MC: sin 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, NANBEICHAO, JINSHU: letter
    信耗  xìn hào OC: sins hmoows MC: sin hɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmessage, information, letter with information, news (this is a late word which did not become current before the Song)
    縣書  xuán shū OC: ɢʷeen qhlja MC: ɦen ɕi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpublic letter, 大字報
    諮  zī OC: sti MC: tsi 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
    尺書  chǐ shū OC: thjaɡ qhlja MC: tɕhiɛk ɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralletters
    關  guān OC: kroon MC: kɣan 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
    露布  lù bù OC: ɡ-raaɡs paas MC: luo̝ puo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nofficial "international" correspondence concerning war and peace
    函  hán OC: ɡuum MC: ɦəm 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nletter
    問  wèn OC: mɯns MC: mi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nletter with greetings 久無家問 "there have been no letter-greetings for a long time"
    啟  qǐ OC: kheeʔ MC: khei 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
    札  zhá OC: skriiɡ MC: ʈʂɣɛt 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • nletter
    柬  jiǎn OC: kreenʔ MC: kɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, TANG: short note; short letter; letter of invitation
    檄  xí OC: ɡleeɡ MC: ɦek 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nofficial "international" correspondence concerning war and peace
    牘  dú OC: ɡ-looɡ MC: duk 0 Attributions

    Dú 牘 refers to a letter, primarily one written on a wooden tablet, but came to be used to refer to letters in general.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 簡/STATIONARY The most common writing material in Warring States times was the jiǎn 簡 "bamboo strip".

      Syntactic words
    • nSHIJI, HANSHU: letter
    狀  zhuàng OC: sɡraŋs MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
    移  yí OC: k-lal MC: jiɛ 0 Attributions

    Qǐ 啟, zhuàng 狀, zī 諮, zhá 札, yí 移, guān 關 all refer to bureaucratic correspondence concerning civil affairs.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, SANGUO: bureaucratic correspondence on civil matter
    箋  jiān OC: tseen MC: tsen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nletter
    簡  jiǎn OC: kreenʔ MC: kɣɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, TANG, LIU ZONGYUAN: letter