SHOULD  應該當

Be APPROPRIATE for a HUMAN to ACT:do something DEFINITE.
OBLIGATIONDUTYCOMMITMENTRESPONSIBILITY MORAL IMPERATIVEFUNCTIONTASKJOBASSIGNMENTCOMMISSIONBURDENCHARGEONUSLIABILITYACCOUNTABILITYREQUIREMENTDEBTMUSTOUGHT TO
Hypernym
  • APPROPRIATEEXCELLENT in a DEFINED SITUATION OR FOR a DEFINED NEED.
    • EXCELLENTFEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS
      • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
See also
  • DESERVEBe APPROPRIATE:fitting to RECEIVE a certain PROFIT, DAMAGE:harm, REWARD, OR PUNISHMENT.
    • DUTYACTS which are MORALLY APPROPRIATE for someone in a DEFINED SITUATION.
      Hyponym
      • RESPONSIBILITY　ENDURING SHOULD:obligation TO ACT CONFORMING to certain RULES.
        • GUILT　RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONE'S AVOIDABLE PAST BAD ACT. 
      • OWE　SHOULD:to have an obligation to PAY someone MONEY.
        Old Chinese Criteria
        1. The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

        2. Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper.

        3. Bù kě bù 不可不 construes obligation as inevitability or inescapablitity.

        4. Bì 必 emphasises obligation as ineluctable and expresses a stronger obligation than bù kě bù 不可不.

        5. Mò rú 莫如 emphasises that some obligation represents the best of several options.

        6. Qí 其 expresses a colourless rather weak obligation to do something.

        7. Kě 可 precedes passivised verbs and expresses the idea that some object should be VERBed. See MUST

        Modern Chinese Criteria
        必須

        必要

        必需

        需要

        須要

        應該 is the current general word referring to any moral or pragmatic obligation.

        活該 refers to what one basically should do for moral reasons.

        應當 is a slightly formal word for what is practically appropriate and therefore an obligation.

        會當 focusses on the contingent appropriateness of the practical obligation.

        理當 focusses on the principled nature of the practical obligation.

        會須 focusses on the contingent appropriateness of what would be done.

        理應 focusses on the principled nature of the obligation.

        自當 focusses on the natural basis for the obligation.

        該 is colloquial and short for 應該.

        應 is formal and short for 應該.

        當 is a little old-fashioned and short for 應當.

        理合

        合當

        合

        宜

        相應

        rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

        • Les notions philosophiques Encyclopedie philosophique universelle ( AUROUX 1990) p. 214

          AVOIR A

          This refers not to obligation as such, but to obligation as a consequence of one's contingent place in the universe.

        • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.94

        • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1194

        • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 299

          DEVOIR

        • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 59

        • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.191

        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 6.914

          NORM II

        • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 9.1023

          SOLLEN

        • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 315

        • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 46

        • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.113.80

          IL FAUT.IL EST NECESSAIRE.ON DOIT

        • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.161

        • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 59A

        Words

        不可不  bù kě bù OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ pi̯ut 56 AttributionsWD

        Bù kě bù 不可不 construes obligation as inevitability or inescapablitity.

          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]have to; must; should by all means; should not fail to
        • VPt+V[0]{PASS}should by all means be V-ed
        不如  bù rú OC: pɯʔ nja MC: pi̯ut ȵi̯ɤ 53 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]had better, should ideally, should under the circumstances, should given the alternatives that the situation presents
        • VPt[0]+V[0]It is best to V!
        當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 50 AttributionsWD

        The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

          Word relations
        • Assoc: 須/SHOULD
        • Synon: 宜/SHOULD Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper.

        • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 411-412

          The original meaning of the verb is 'to be appropriate'. As modal verb da1ng expresses deontic modality (obligation) and epistemic modality (necessity). However, the original meaning of the verb often has not completely faded away in the usage as modal verb ('be appropriate to V').

          Da1ng cannot only express that an action should be performed by the agent but it can also indicate that an action is BOUND TO HAPPEN. Thus the modal verb indicates that an action or state will certainly take place or be achieved in the future ('BE BOUND TO'). In this funtion, the modal verb is typically used in PREDICTIONS in ZTJ. Note that modal verb 須 does not have this function.

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]should appropriately; be due to, be supposed to; be bound to; must; HANSHU 65: ought to (be caned); deserve to; shouldNOTE THAT MANY OF THESE ATTRIBUTIONS HAVE TO BE MOVED TO vt[0]+V[0]
        • vt+V[0]irrealisshould have V-ed
        • vt[0]+V[0]one should (NOTE THAT MANY ATTRIBUTIONS FROM vt+V[0] HAVE TO BE MOVED HERE.)
        可  kě OC: khlaalʔ MC: khɑ 48 AttributionsWD

        Kě 可 precedes passivised verbs and expresses the idea that some object should be VERBed. See MUST

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]V=activeshould; often imperative: must
        • vt+V[0]{PASS}may properly be VERBED, should in effect be VERBED
        • vt[0]+V[0]absoluteone should
        其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 44 AttributionsWD

        Qí 其 expresses a colourless rather weak obligation to do something.

          Syntactic words
        • padV(imperative:) must; (general:) should; had better
        不可  bù kě OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ 38 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]V=activeshould notCH
        • VPt+V[0]V=passive不可從"should not be followed": should not be Vt-ed；　must not be Vt-edCH
        必  bì OC: piɡ MC: pit 35 AttributionsWD

        Bì 必 emphasises obligation as ineluctable and expresses a stronger obligation than bù kě bù 不可不.

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]morally imperativeimperative: should certainly; should necessarily; must absolutely
        • vt[0] V(0)imperativeyou must now, absolutelyCH
        • vt[0]+V[0]it is imperative to V; it is obligatory that one should V
        宜  yí OC: ŋɡral MC: ŋiɛ 30 AttributionsWD

        Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper.

          Word relations
        • Synon: 當/SHOULD The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]be obliged to; ought to, should fittingly, have a duty to; deserve to be (VERBED); it is right that; shall
        • vt+V[0]counterfactualshould have宜云 "It (the text) should have said
        • vt[0]+V[0]one must V;
        • vtoVV=passiveshould be V-edCH
        將  jiāng OC: skaŋ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 26 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]should; would have to; must
        可以  kě yǐ OC: khlaalʔ k-lɯʔ MC: khɑ jɨ 24 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]typically negatede.g. 不可以 "should (thus 以之) not, should never, must never": should should never
        • VPt[0]+Sit is inadmissible that S
        • VPt[0]+V[0]one should (not)
        欲  yù OC: k-loɡ MC: ji̯ok 20 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]generalshould (in one's own interest) 不欲 "should not"
        應  yīng OC: qɯŋ MC: ʔɨŋ 19 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]ought to; should, must
        • vt+V[0]counterfactualshould have
        • vt[0]+V[0]one should
        須  xū OC: so MC: si̯o 14 AttributionsWD

          Word relations
        • Assoc: 當/SHOULD The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

        • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 412-416

          In AC xu1 was not yet used as modal verb and early examples date from EMC times. In ZTJ it is frequently used as modal verb expressing obligation (deontic modality), expressing recommendations and exhortations. There is often a strong notion of obligation and the modal verb is often modified by an intensifier: "you really should...". The obligation is often defined by 'moral' standards in concrete social or/and institutional

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]need to> should, must
        • vt+V[0]subject=nonhumanshould naturally
        應當  yīng dāng OC: qɯŋ taaŋ MC: ʔɨŋ tɑŋ 12 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]ought to, should; one must
        • VPt+V[0]counterfactualshould (but don't)
        如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]should
        • vt[0]+V[0]one must; one should
        得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]should; be permitted to (often negated: 不得，無得)
        • vt+V[0]negativeshould (not)
        不若  bù ruò OC: pɯʔ njaɡ MC: pi̯ut ȵi̯ɐk 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]had better, must
        • VPt0+V(0)copulait is best; it is better to
        何不  hé bù OC: ɡlaal pɯʔ MC: ɦɑ pi̯ut 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • PP+V{PRED}(.postN{SUBJ})you surely should, why don't you
        無然  wú rán OC: ma njen MC: mi̯o ȵiɛn 9 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt(+V[0])should not do the contextually determinate thing
        • VPt+V[0]SHI, ZUO: should not
        且  qiě OC:  MC: tshɣɛ 7 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • padVmodalpreverbal particle expressing a mild imperative/request/ recommendation
        莫如  mò rú OC: maaɡ nja MC: mɑk ȵi̯ɤ 7 AttributionsWD

        Mò rú 莫如 emphasises that some obligation represents the best of several options.

          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should best be; the best thing is to
        且要  qiě yào OC: qews MC: tshɣɛ ʔiɛu 6 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]intensitiveshould, must
        不可以不  bù kě yǐ bù OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ k-lɯʔ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ jɨ pi̯ut 5 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]must; must not fail to
        合  hé OC: ɡloob MC: ɦəp 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]should, be appropriate toJZ 4.18: (mathematically) one should...
        宜應  yí yīng OC: ŋɡral qɯŋ MC: ŋiɛ ʔɨŋ 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should
        胡不  hú bù MC: hu pjut OC: ɡaa pɯʔCH 4 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt+V(0)should; CH
        宜當  yí dāng OC: ŋɡral taaŋ MC: ŋiɛ tɑŋ 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should V, have the obligation to V
        必且  bì qiě OC: piɡ MC: pit tshɣɛ 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]must certainly
        不得不  bù dé bù OC: pɯʔ tɯɯɡ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut tək pi̯ut 3 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should on all occasions, must absolutely, strictly have to; willy nilly have to;
        宜可  yí kě OC: ŋɡral khlaalʔ MC: ŋiɛ khɑ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should, shall (this disyllabic modal verb indicates obligation and is frequently used in sutra translations and other Buddhist texts; unlike other modal verbs of obligation (which often appear in sentences expressing requests), the subject of 宜可 is frequently a first person pronoun, indicating a strong intention of the speaker: > shall, intent to; as such the modal verb frequently expresses an obligation directed towards the speaker himself (expressing his feeling of responsibility or appropriateness in a given situation), rather than being directed towards the person addressed)
        要當  yào dāng OC: qews taaŋ MC: ʔiɛu tɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]have to, need to
        須是  xū shì OC: so ɡljeʔ MC: si̯o dʑiɛ 2 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt[0]+V[0]one should
        要  yào OC: qews MC: ʔiɛu 1 AttributionWD
        • 漢語歷史語法要略 Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ yào lüè An Outline of a Historical Grammar of Chinese ( SUN XIXIN 1992) p. 146

          Syntactic words
        • vt+V[0]modal verb expressing deontic modality: should (from the Six Dynasties period, e.g. SHISHUO)
        任當  rèn dāng OC: njɯms taaŋ MC: ȵim tɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]have to, should appropriately
        即須  jí xū OC: tsɯɡ so MC: tsɨk si̯o 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPadV.postN{SUBJ}should immediately
        寧可  níng kě OC: neeŋ khlaalʔ MC: neŋ khɑ 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should, had better
        將必  jiāng bì OC: skaŋ piɡ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ pit 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]must
        應須  yīng xū OC: qɯŋ so MC: ʔɨŋ si̯o 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should
        毋敢  wú gǎn OC: ma klaamʔ MC: mi̯o kɑm 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt[0]+V[0]don't you dare to V
        直須  zhí xū OC: dɯɡ so MC: ɖɨk si̯o 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]intensitivereally should V; it is of absolute necessity to V (a complex modal verb conveying a strong notion of obligation)
        要須  yào xū OC: qews so MC: ʔiɛu si̯o 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should, must, be required to
        若之何不  ruò zhī hé bù OC: njaɡ kljɯ ɡlaal pɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk tɕɨ ɦɑ pi̯ut 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]expected answer: no!how can one not?, how can one fail to
        自當  zì dāng MC: dzijH tang OC: sblids taaŋCH 1 AttributionWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt V[0]naturally should CH
        惠  huì OC: ɢʷiids MC: ɦei 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt0oNcopulaOBI 4: This character is sometimes used to transcribe the upper part of itself, without the heart radical, this latter character meaning "should be" in OBI.
        惟  wéi OC: k-lul MC: ji 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • vt[0]+V[0]we should V
        且須  qiě xū OC: so MC: tshɣɛ si̯o 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should, must
        急當  jí dāng OC: krɯb taaŋ MC: kip tɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]should urgently
        惟當  wéi dāng OC: k-lul taaŋ MC: ji tɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt+V[0]counterfactualshould have
        自可  zì kě OC: sblids khlaalʔ MC: dzi khɑ 0 AttributionsWD
          Syntactic words
        • VPt[0]+V[0]one should/might basically (DCD 8.1308)

        Existing SW for

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