PRONOUN    代詞

NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. []
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Hyponym
  • WHAT　[GRAMMAR] (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • WHEN　The MOMENT t1 at which Situation S1 obtains being ALSO the MOMENT at which situation S2 obtains. (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • YOU　HUMAN ADDRESSED. [GRAMMAR] (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • WHITHER　TO WHERE. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • WHENCE　FROM WHERE. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • THAT　The one that is NOT NEAR. [GRAMMAR]GRAMMAR[] (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • EGO　[GRAMMAR] PRONOUN (or pseudo-pronoun) USING WHICH A SPEAKER REFERS to HIMSELF. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • POSTNOMINAL PARTICLE　PRONOUN (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • INDEFINITE ARTICLE　PRONOUN MODIFYING a NOUN to SHOW that its REFERENCE IS NOT DEFINITE. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • WE　SPEAKER'S GROUP. [GRAMMAR] (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • THIRD PERSON PRONOUNS　[GRAMMAR] (anc: 14/0, child: 1)
  • YOU/PLUR　 (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • INDEFINITE PRONOUN　GENERAL PRONOUN which does not REFER. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • NAME　SPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • SOUND　WHAT CAN be HEARD. (anc: 10/0, child: 7)
  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    DEMONSTRATIVES

  • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

    • Words (27 items)

    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 834 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVt:+V[0]pivot使之富 "cause them to become rich" him, her, it, them
    • npro.postvt:adV[0]object of coverb與之俱 "be together with him"
    • npro.postVtanaphoric則臣服之"the ministers will then follow it": referring to an aforementioned object: him, her, it
    • npro.postVtanaphoric知之曰知之 "if you understand something say that you understand IT" anaphorically refers to whatever a preceding nonreferential object pronoun refers to
    • npro.postVtindefinite主信愛之“If the ruler trusts and looks well after one": indefinite, personally "one" in the function of objectLZ
    • npro.postVtindefinite, universal君好之“If the ruler likes something/anything": non-referential general: anything/anyoneCH
    • npro.postVtnegatedobject in a negative sentence: 不復聽之DS
    • npro.postVtnonreferential誨女知之乎！"I'll teach you to understand  things": things; a place; something [cognate object; indefinite dummy object pronouns without reference]
    • npro.postVtpregnant: important pointsthe important things, relevant mattersCH
    • npro.postVtsituation以善和人者謂之順 "to accord with others on good points THAT is called obedience": refers to the aforementioned situationDS
    • npro.postvtt:oNindirect object賜之卮酒 "offered him a beaker of wine"
    • npro:ad.suǒ+Vt= 其所V the thing he/she/it/they V(s) etc. (rare)LZ
    • nprocataphoric臣聞之“I have heard the following:" the following object, the object identified further down in the context
    • nprosubjectrarely used as an apparently full pronominal subject: this one 之十有三"these are thirteen in number"
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtpreposed object唯道之從 "only the Way, this I follow" this
    • vproanaphoric欲之“I wish to do this": (wish) to do this
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 546 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.post-.nproadN{NUM}斯三者“these three": nominaliser after a number phrase or numbered phrase
    • npro.post-Npronoun in apposition to a preceding phrase with suǒ 所LZ
    • npro.post-Nfactor which is decisive for N;DS
    • npro.post-Npr:+V{PRED;non-narrative}after subject with non-narrative predicateas for the Npr [predicate with the modal force of an abstract comment on the Npr]VK
    • npro.post-N{NUM}pronoun preceded and modified by a number verb.CH
    • npro.post-N{PRED}a certain N
    • npro.post-V:postNN=multiplesuch of the Ns who VDS
    • npro.post-Va certaina certain, unidentified but in principle identifiable by the speaker, who
    • npro.post-Vabstractthe action of V-ingCH
    • npro.post-Vdefinitethe subject which V-s
    • npro.post-Vdefinitereferential: the subjects of V
    • npro.post-Vindefinitegeneralising tensed: someone who V-s (typically tensed); anyone who V-s
    • npro.post-Vindefinite(be) someone who V-s (some other examples need to be moved here!)
    • npro.post-Vno definite referentgeneralising, hypothetical, untensed: anyone who V-s
    • npro.post-Vnonreferentialthose of the category V
    • npro.post-Vnpro=humanthe kind of person that V-sCH
    • npro.post-Vreasonfactor behind V-ing; reason for V-ingDS
    • npro.post-Vsubject=humanthe npro that V-sCH
    • npro:post.Npost-V{NUM}五極者 "five ultimate points": pronoun in apposition to a preceding phrase with a counted nounLZ
    • npropost.N+V{PRED}reference=subject of N+Vthe subject of whom it may be said that the relevant N V-s; the subject of which the predicate in the form of the subject+predicate is predicated 功大者
    或  huò OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 341 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro V.postN{TOP}singularsomebody of N; one of NDS
    • npro+V(.postN{TOP})some, certain individuals (referring to the subject of the verb that follows); someone, anyone
    • npro+V{PRED}referentiala certain person
    • npro.adN:adVat some N, V
    • npro.adVdefinitethe one..., the other 二者，或有餘於數，或不足於數，
    • npro.adVrepeatedsome... others (often hard to distinguish from "either... or"); some..., the others
    • npro.postN:+V{PRED}some, any
    • npro.postN:+V{PRED}referentiala certain npro belonging to the category N [many examples of SOME need to be moved here!CH]; certain such npros
    • nproa certainthere are those who
    • nproanaphoricthe aforementioned unidentified person
    • nprosingularsomeone, anyone
    所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 271 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro1{OBJ}-Vt.post-npro2其所安
    • npro{OBJ.PRED}-Vte.g. 所夢也 "it was what he had dreamt of" be the object of Vt-ing by the explicit or implicit subject in the contextCH
    • npro{OBJ}+.VtoV[0]所 as object of a construction with modal verb: 所欲殺DS
    • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt(oN)無所告 "have no one to complain about N to": pronoun referring to the indirect object of a ditransitive verbal expression with an omitted direct object.CH
    • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt+Nindirect object所受教 "those one has received teaching FROM": prepositional indirect object; like hypothetical 所於
    • npro{OBJ}-.Vtt+prep+N所聞於相國 "what (I) have heard from the prime minister of state" direct object of a ditransitive verbal construction ((Note that the subject, if explicit, is often an explicit modifier marked by 之, as in 臣之所聞於魏 "what I have heard from Wei".))CH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt所重"what one makes one's priority": the object which
    • npro{OBJ}-Vtdirect object: 所樂 "what (the understood/contextually determinate subject) enjoys": that which (the understood subject) Vt-s； the object Vt-ed by the the understood subjectCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adN所愛美女 "beloved beautiful lady"
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adNe.g. 所亡地 "the territory that he has lost": the npro object which the understood or explicit subject has Vt-edDS
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adV所與立 "those whom one stands together with":  those Vt-ing which/whom the explicit or implicit subject V-ed or V-sCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.adV:post-Nproe.g. 其所由然 "that through which it is so": object pronounCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-Ne.g. 人所制 "someone controlled by others" the object npro that N Vt-ed; the object Vt-ed by N> that which is Vt-ed by N, he who is Vt-ed by NCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-N1:adN2e.g. 人所罾魚腹 "the stomach of a fish someone else had caught in a net" object pronoun modifying a head nounCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.post-Npro{SUBJ}npro=obj爾所及　"what you reach"
    • npro{OBJ}-Vt.postN{SUBJ}＋之人之所積也“what men accumulate": the object Verb-ed by NCH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vtobject=action吾所欲者 “what I desire to do"; in object position: 有所不行“have something one does not do"CH
    • npro{OBJ}-Vtobject=place所生 instead of *所於生： “where something arises"DS
    • npro{SUBJ}-Vt.post-N{OBJ}the subject which世主之所亂惑"what confuses the sovereigns of our times": the subject which Vt-s the object N [NB: MANY OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS HERE ARE DOUBTFUL: 除民之所害 may be read as "remove what the people consider to be harmful" and not as "remove what harms the people".待考  CH
    諸  zhū OC: klja MC: tɕi̯ɤ 99 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVthim, her, it, themCH
    • npro.postVtcontracted *hu + PLACEher, him, it, them construed as concrete or abstract place NCH
    • npro.postVtcontracted *hu prepositioncontraction of 之於，之于，（之乎）: in; from; towards For the link with 於 see 《莊子人間世》古之至人，先存諸己，而後存諸人所存於己者未定。
    • npro.postVtcontracted 乎 interrogativehim? her? it? them? [the contraction is with the final question particle, and not with the preposition.CH
    • npro.postVtcontraction preposition: directly from sourceit from the source N [The important question is whether when Confucius says 聞諸老子曰 this naturally implies that he has heard from Laozi, or whether the natural meaning is that he has has heard (somewhere) that Laozi said".CH
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 58 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNindefinitea certain
    • npro.adNreflexivesingular: the subject's, her, his, itsCH
    • npro.postVt.+N{SUBJ}pivotal pronoun, as in 不能令其下也
    • nprosubordinate(in subordinate sentences) he, she, it, they
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtfor him/her/them
    焉  yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 53 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostadVfor Nfor this, on this occasionCH
    • npro.postadVnpro=objlike 之: he; she; it etc.DS
    • VPpostadVafter vi-comp: than this =於之
    • VPpostadVamong themCH
    • VPpostadV同焉 "to identify oneself with him", with rergard to him, in relationship to himLZ
    • VPpostadVin that place，thereCH
    • VPpostadVto it, as in 加N焉 "to add N to it"LZ
    • VPpostadVconsequencefor it: as in the phrase 無它故焉 "there was no other reason for it"LZ
    • VPpostadVimpersonal忠焉 "If one is loyal to someone"
    • VPpostadVobject=beneficiaryto it/her/him etc.DS
    • VPpostadVobject=eventin/during that eventLZ
    • VPpostadVobject=sourcefrom it; from thisDS
    相  xiāng OC: sqaŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ 47 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro+VtoNeach others' N 相亂國“vt each others' state"CH
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtdefinitethe object(s), this, him; them; the other
    之所  zhī suǒ MC: tsyi srjoX OC: kljɯ sqraʔ 37 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}地之所載"what the earth bears up" (and NEVER "what bears up the earth"): the object which the preceding N V-sCH
    其所  qí suǒ MC: gi srjoX OC: ɡɯ sqraʔ 18 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro{OBJ}+Vt其所害"what is harmful to him" (and NOT: "what he does harm to"): what Vt-s the subject referred to by 其CH
    • NP{OBJ}-Vt其所樂 "what he enjoys" the object of the transitive verb that follows, "that which"CH
    某  mǒu OC: mooʔ MC: mu 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthe an identifiable as such-and-such, such-and-such N
    • nproindefinitesuch-and-such
    己  jǐ OC: kɯʔ MC: kɨ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro+V{PRED}contrastivethe aformentioned and no one else, they
    • npro.postVthim
    • npro{SUBJ}+V{PRED}(non-emphatic, non-contrastive:) he
    或人  huò rén OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ njin MC: ɦək ȵin 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPproanaphoricthat previously mentioned but unidentified person
    胥  xū OC: sqa MC: si̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtmutualone another
    此之  cǐ zhī OC: tsheʔ kljɯ MC: tshiɛ tɕɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNthis (used to make four-character phrases. Also elsewhere??)
    然  rán OC: njen MC: ȵiɛn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nproloan for yān 焉
    後者  hòu zhě OC: ɡooʔ kljaʔ MC: ɦu tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpropost-Han: the latter
    前人  qián rén OC: dzeen njin MC: dzen ȵin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprothe former, the above-mentioned other party; the above-mentioned people
    甲  jiǎ OC: kraab MC: kɣap 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nprovariable: x
    足下  zú xià OC: tsoɡ ɢraaʔ MC: tsi̯ok ɦɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n2. person singularyou
    某某  mǒu mǒu MC: muwX muwX OC: mooʔ mooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro{PRED}pluralbe so-and-soCH
    客  kè OC: khraaɡ MC: khɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npronominala certain person; someone; a quidam
    實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    或者  huò zhě MC: hwok tsyaeX OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ kljaʔ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro Vtobjectthe object(s)CH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro Vtobjectthe object(s) (of Vt)CH
    相  xiāng MC: sjang OC: sqaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro Vtobjectthe object(s) (of Vt)CH