ALONE    單獨單

BE ONLY ONE AND NOT TOGETHER WITH OTHERS.  
BY ONESELFON ONE'S OWNALL ALONESOLITARYSINGLESINGLYSOLOSOLUSUNESCORTEDUNACCOMPANIEDPARTNERLESSCOMPANIONLESS
Old Chinese Criteria
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [NEGATIVE/POSITIVE] 1. Dān 單 (ant. qún 群 "in a group") has no emotional nuances and simply refers to the single member of a set. [GENERAL] 2. Dú 獨 (ant. ǒu 偶 "as a pair") usually has no nuances of loneliness, but can sometimes come to connote an intense feeling of personal uniqueness. (LAO) [GENERAL], [NEGATIVE!] 3. Gū 孤 (ant. zhòng 眾 "as a large group", but this lacks the emotional nuance of the counterpart) tends to connote feelings of loneliness and/or of being bereaved or suffering under the absence of associates in the place where one is. [NEGATIVE+] 4. Tè 特 "alone" (etymologically related to dān 單 ) is abstract and conceptual and often emphasises the positively valued absence of other members in a general set. [POSITIVE!] 5. Guǎ 寡 refers to the state of being alone ore bereaved which is currently referred to in polite speech by rulers. See also BEREAVED. [NEGATIVE]
Modern Chinese Criteria
一個人 獨自 單獨 獨立 獨力 獨 單身 孤單 孤 孤獨 孤寂 伶仃 (lit) refers to solitary helplessness. 幽獨 寂寂 (lit) refers to solitary sadness. 只身 一身 獨身 光桿兒 (coll) 伶俜 (obs) refers to solitary sadness. 孤零零 孤苦伶仃 伶仃孤苦 形影相吊 形單影只 煢煢孑立 孑然一身 塊然一身 孤家寡人 舉目無親 六親無靠 無依無靠 單槍匹馬 匹馬單槍 離群索居 孤立無援 顧影自憐 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
Antonym
  • TOGETHERALL of a set IN the SAME PLACE OR TIME.
    See also
    • ONLYTHIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT.
    • ONLYTHIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT.
    • LONELYSAD BECAUSE one is ALONE.
    Hypernym
    • ONE　MOST SMALL NUMBER. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
    • NUMBER　QUANTITY when COUNTED. [THE DEFINITIONS IN THIS FIELD REMAIN CIRCULAR ON MANY LEVELS AND NEED TO BE CAREFULLY REVISED IN COLLABORATION WITH KARINE CHEMLA.] (anc: 6/0, child: 19)
    • QUANTITY　DEGREE of being MANY OR FEW that CAN be MEASURED OR COUNTED. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • Anglo-russkij sinonimicheskij slovar' ( APRESJAN 1980) p. 31

    alone, solitary, lonly, lone, lonsesome, forlorn, desoate

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 13.33

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 4.869

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.407

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.403.365

    UNIQUE.SEUL

  • Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi ( SINGER 2002) p. 1.59

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 79B

    • Words (25 items)

    獨  dú OC: dooɡ MC: duk 74 Attributions

    Dú 獨 (ant. ǒu 偶 "as a pair") usually has no nuances of loneliness, but can sometimes come to connote an intense feeling of personal uniqueness. (LAO) [GENERAL], [NEGATIVE!]

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychologicalindependent stance; independent orientationCH
    • v(adV)to do the contextually determinate V-ing aloneLZ
    • vad.V1adV2be the only one to V1-wise to V2CH
    • vadNquantifierindependent; single, non-double; separate (action)
    • vadVnegative(negatively:) alone, isolated; unaided by others; off your own bat; on your own initiative
    • vadVpositiveas the only one; all on one's own, independently, relying on oneself only
    • vibe alone
    特  tè OC: ɡ-lɯɯɡ MC: dək 16 Attributions

    Tè 特 "alone" (etymologically related to dān 單) is abstract and conceptual and often emphasises the positively valued absence of other members in a general set. [POSITIVE!]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 孤/LONELY Gū 孤 (ant. zhòng 眾 "as a large group", but this lacks the emotional nuance of the counterpart) tends to connote feelings of loneliness and/or of being bereaved or suffering under the absence of associates in the place where one is. [NEGATIVE+]

      Syntactic words
    • nsubjectone who is alone, isolated
    • vadNsingle, not member of a whole set; isolated
    • vadVon one's own; by oneself; particularly
    • vibe singular, isolated; be unique
    介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstandoffishnessCH
    • v[adN]N=humone who is isolated
    • vadValone, all on one's own, be isolated from others
    • vibe standoffishCH
    單  dān OC: taan MC: tɑn 4 Attributions

    Dān 單 (ant. qún 群 "in a group") has no emotional nuances and simply refers to the single member of a set. [GENERAL]

      Syntactic words
    • nadNsingle; single-layered
    • v[adN]nonreferentialindividual single person
    • vioriginally perhaps single-layered cloth: non-double, single, non-complex
    獨自  dú zì OC: dooɡ sblids MC: duk dzi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNsole, single, alone
    • VPadValone, in solitude, all by oneself
    孤特  gū tè OC: kʷaa ɡ-lɯɯɡ MC: kuo̝ dək 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe all alone, be completely isolated
    獨立  dú lì OC: dooɡ ɡ-rub MC: duk lip 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNisolated
    • VPibe isolated
    孤獨  gū dú OC: kʷaa dooɡ MC: kuo̝ duk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadValone, all on one's own
    • VPichangebecome quite isolated
    煢獨  qióng dú OC: ɡʷleŋ dooɡ MC: giɛŋ duk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]somebody who is alone and without anyone to turn to for support
    • VPibe bereft of friends and supporters
    孤  gū MC: ku  OC: kʷaa 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVon one's/its own, all by oneself/itself; in a singular mannerCH
    孑然  jié rán OC: ked njen MC: kiɛt ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVall alone [compare 介然 "all on one's own"]
    • VPibe all alone
    一身  yī shēn OC: qliɡ qhjin MC: ʔit ɕin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPisingle body > be by oneself, alone
    孤陋  gū lòu MC: ku -- OC: kʷaa -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe isolated and marginalisedCH
    焭獨  qióng dú MC: gjwieng duwk OC: ɡʷleŋ dooɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe all alone; be isolated; be all separated from the worldCH
    塊  kuài MC: khwojH  OC: khuuls 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVsolidly, in splendid isolationCH
    嬛  qióng OC: ɡʷeŋ MC: giɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vi.redbe all alone; helpless; deserted; without help (P: same as 惸, 煢)
    廓  kuò OC: khʷaaɡ MC: khɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe alone and deserted
    孤危  gū wēi OC: kʷaa ŋɡrol MC: kuo̝ ŋiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiresultativebe isolated and as a result endangered
    曠  kuàng OC: khʷaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNsingle, unattached (of men)
    抱景  bào jǐng MC: bawX kjaengX OC: buuʔ kraŋʔ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPi=抱影 embrace one's shadow> be on one's own, be independent 抱景特立CH
    抱景  bào jǐng MC: bawX kjaengX OC: buuʔ kraŋʔ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPi=抱影 embrace one's shadow> be on one's own, be by oneself and independent 抱景特立CH
    孑  jié OC: ked MC: kiɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVall alone Zhang Heng 思玄賦
    寡  guǎ OC: kʷraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 0 Attributions

    Guǎ 寡 refers to the state of being alone ore bereaved which is currently referred to in polite speech by rulers. See also BEREAVED. [NEGATIVE]

      Syntactic words
    • vadNlonely
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVsolidly, in splendid isolationCH
    犆  zhí OC: dɯɡ MC: ɖɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadNseperate; special; single
    • vibe seperate; by itself