WORD 詞
SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432)
Hypernym
- SOUNDWHAT CAN be HEARD.
See also
- DICTIONARYDOCUMENT which SYSTEMATICALLY EXPLAINS the WORDS of a LANGUAGE.
- SYMBOLARTEFACT USED FOR REFERRING to something INTENSELY DIFFERENT from that ARTEFACT.
- CONCEPTABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT.
- MEANIDEA insofar as SHOWN:expressed OR INTENDED.
Hyponym
- NAME SPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something.
- PRONOUN NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. []...
- SO-CALLED NAMED X, BUT NOT APROPRIATELY.
- TITLE NAME of RANK.
- PERSONAL NAMES NAME of a HUMAN....
- PROPER NAME NAME of a DEFINED HUMAN, ANIMAL OR THING....
- PARTICLE A WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- EXCLAMATORY PARTICLE PARTICLE USED FOR EMPHASISING. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- FINAL PARTICLES PARTICLE USED at the END of a SENTENCE. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- PASSIVE MARKER WORD WHICH SHOWS PASSIVE FUNCTION. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- PLURAL SUFFIXES SYMBOL of QUANTITY of MANY.
- SINCE In the FUTURE IN-RELATION-TO a DEFINED MOMENT [[GRAMMAR]]
- SOME MORE IN-RELATION-TO NONE.
- SUFFIX NON-FREE MORPHEME ATTACHING AT THE END OF A WORD. GRAMMAR []
- THEN ASSUMING FOR ARGUMENT that the PRECEDING SENTENCE IS TRUE. Contrast THEREUPON.
- THEREFORE ASSUMING that the PRECEDING SENTENCE is TRUE [GRAMMAR]
- TOPIC MARKER PARTICLE:MARKER OF TOPIC
- OBJECT MARKER PARTICLE that SHOWS that something is the grammatical OBJECT. []
- INTERROGATORY PARTICLES QUESTION PARTICLE. [] GRAMMAR PRELIMINARY ENTRY
- GENITIVE PARTICLES ????
- NOMINALISER PARTICLE CAUSING something to BECOME NOUN:nominal. GRAMMAR[]
- RELATIVE CLAUSE MARKER GRAMMAR []. PARTICLE marking what is construed as a postposed modifier of a nominal expression.
- WHICH [GRAMMAR]
- VERBAL SUFFIX [GRAMMAR]GRAMMAR[]
- ON BE-IN ABOVE.
- CLASSIFIERS NUMBER MARKER FOR COUNTED THINGS. [[THIS HAS TO BE MOVED AND REVISED. ]]
- MODAL MODIFIERS [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- PREFIXES GRAMMAR [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- QUESTION PARTICLES GRAMMAR [][NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- WEAK VERBAL SUFFIX [GRAMMAR][NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- IMPERATIVE MARKER PARTICLE MARKING COMMAND. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
- GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT WORD which EXPRESSES of WHAT the REST of a SENTENCE SPEAKS.
- ADJECTIVE
- METAPHOR WORD OR STORY which ONLY COMPARES in order to MEAN.
- SLOGAN SHORT WORDS>EXPRESSION CONSTANTLY USED BY A MOVEMENT in SUPPORT of an IDEOLOGY.
- NOUN WORD WHICH TYPICALLY REFERS TO AN OBJECT.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. On the relatively rare occasions when words rather than characters are referred to, the current general term to use is yán 言.
Note that the definition of the word is notiously problematic for classical as well as for modern Chinese - as indeed it is for English. A typical illustration for the problem is a modern Chinese word like 合身 "fitting" which does invite categorisation as a word, but which is comfortably expanded into 合我的身 "fits my body", in which the grammatical relation between 合 and 身 remains the same, but where it becomes clear that the construction is not only syntactic but even syntactically productive. Cases of this kind are so many that one needs to find a systematic way of accounting for them in Chinese, and in this connection it is remarkable that in their very long history of reflection on their own language the Chinese never came anywhere near to inventing a notion of a "word". YANG QINGHUI 1995 gives a convenient but analytically unreliable survey of such phenomena for beginning students of modern Chinese.
Modern Chinese Criteria
單詞
字眼
字
單字
詞語
用語
辭藻
辭
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH /
Old Chinese Contrasts
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
18.26 - Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles
(
CASSIN 2004)
p.
830 MOT
- On defining "word" ( HIORTH 1958) p.
- Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
3.761 - 現代漢語離合詞用法詞典 ( YANG QINGHUI 1995) p.
- Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
2.241:166 MOT.TERME
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.117.84 MOT.TERME.EXPRESSION
Words
言 yán OC: ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɐn 12 Attributions
On the relatively rare occasions when words rather than characters are referred to, the current general term to use is yán 言.
- Word relations
- Object: 學/STUDY
The dominant word is xué 學 (ant. jiào 教 "train teach")which refers primarily to studying or training under another person, and secondarily to the learning by heart texts. Very often, the word retains a tinge of immitation.
- Syntactic words
- nword; words
- n(post-N)one's wordsCH
- nadVby the use of words, with wordsCH
- ncountedword; characterCH
- nnonreferentialplural: words, concrete expressions; specifically: the words in poetryCH
辭 cí OC: zɯ MC: zɨ 6 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nccword; particle
語 yǔ OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nword 一語
名 míng OC: meŋ MC: miɛŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nword
文 wén MC: mjun OC: mɯnCH 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nabtextexpression, word, way of writingCH
為名 wéi míng MC: hjweH mjieng OC: ɢʷal meŋLZ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPpost-N.adSN being such kind of expression that SLZ
聲 shēng OC: qjeŋ MC: ɕiɛŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabtextnews
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: