FEMALE    女性雌

GENDER OF AN ANIMAL OR ANIMAL TYPICALLY ABLE to BIRTH:bear CHILDREN.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for a female of any species is cí 雌 (ant. xióng 雄 "male"). 2. Nu# 女 (ant. nán 男 "male") refers specifically to human females. 3. Pìn 牝 (ant. mǔ 牡 "male") refers to specifically to females of animals. 4. Zì 牸 refers to females of buffalo, but sometimes also of tiger, rhinoceros, or horse. 5. Mǔ 母 (ant. gōng 公 "male") refers to adult females of some species, including spirits. NB incidentally: Mǔ jī 母雞 is current, while mǔ niǎo 母鳥 does not seem to be found. 6. Kūn 坤 (ant. qián 乾 "metaphysically: male") is a metaphysical way of characterising things as belonging to the female realm. (NB incidentally and irrelevantly as a modern Chinese reflex kūn biǎo 坤錶 "women's watch".)
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ANIMALS 3. 雌，是一切雌性動物通稱。 牝，專稱雌性獸畜。 牸，專稱雌性家畜。
Modern Chinese Criteria
雌 牝 母 女的 女性 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • HERMAPHRODITE　MALE AND FEMALE AT THE SAME TIME (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • AUNT　FEMALE RELATIVE of a SENIOR GENERATION of WHOM ONE IS NOT a DESCENDANT.  (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • GIRL　FEMALE YOUNG HUMAN. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • MALEGENDER of an ANIMAL or ANIMAL which HAS the ORGANS FOR ENGENDERING AND CAN NOT give BIRTH.
Hypernym
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • CREATURE　LIVING THING. (anc: 4/0, child: 3)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
Other Hypernyms
  • GENDER　FEATURE of being MALE OR FEMALE. (anc: 4/0, child: 2)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 4

    FRAU

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 409

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 413

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 6.481

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 189

    • Words (12 items)

    雌  cí OC: tshe MC: tshiɛ 16 Attributions

    The current general word for a female of any species is cí 雌 (ant. xióng 雄 "male").

      Word relations
    • Ant: 雄/MALE Xióng 雄 denotes maleness, but often connotes virility, strength and domination as well.
    • Ant: 牡/MALE Mǔ 牡 refers to the male of birds and beasts in purely biological terms.
    • Ant: 雄/MALE Xióng 雄 denotes maleness, but often connotes virility, strength and domination as well.
    • Oppos: 雄/MALE Xióng 雄 denotes maleness, but often connotes virility, strength and domination as well.

      Syntactic words
    • nthe female (game; etc.); hen
    • n(adN)metaphorical"female" type of the contextually determinate NDS
    • n[adN]female of an animal
    • nabfeaturefeminity; female role
    • nadNfemale
    • nadNmetaphorical"female" type of NDS
    牝  pìn OC: biŋʔ MC: bin 9 Attributions

    Pìn 牝 (ant. mǔ 牡 "male") refers to specifically to females of animals.

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 牡/MALE Mǔ 牡 refers to the male of birds and beasts in purely biological terms.

      Syntactic words
    • nthe female (horse; cow; victim, etc.)
    • nabmetaphysicalfemale principle
    • nadNfemale
    女  nǚ OC: naʔ MC: ɳi̯ɤ 8 Attributions

    Nu# 女 (ant. nán 男 "male") refers specifically to human females.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 男/MALE The current general term is nán 男 (opp. nǚ 女"female) or, more administratively and technically nán zǐ 男子 (opp. nǚ zǐ 女子 "female").

      Syntactic words
    • nabconceptthe biological category of the female
    • nadNfemale
    • nnonreferentialfemales; often specifically: unmarried and unbetrothed female
    母  mǔ OC: mɯʔ MC: mu 5 Attributions

    Mǔ 母 (ant. gōng 公 "male") refers to adult females of some species, including spirits. NB incidentally: Mǔ jī 母雞 is current, while mǔ niǎo 母鳥 does not seem to be found.

      Syntactic words
    • nadNfemale (monkey)
    • nadNN=humfemale
    女人  nǚ rén OC: naʔ njin MC: ɳi̯ɤ ȵin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfemale person> woman (ancient Chinese would be 女子)
    • NPadNfemale
    不男  bù nán OC: pɯʔ noom MC: pi̯ut nəm 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]hermoaphrodite, person without all male characteristics
    • VPadNof non-male sex> unequipped with all the characteristic features of a male [Note that there are five kinds of such non-males, several of which are not female.]
    牸  zì OC: sɡlɯs MC: dzɨ 1 Attribution

    Zì 牸 refers to females of buffalo, but sometimes also of tiger, rhinoceros, or horse.

      Syntactic words
    • nfemale of buffalo (sometimes also of tigers, rhinos and horses)
    • nadNfemale of buffalo (perhaps also of tiger, rhino and horse)
    鯢  ní OC: ŋee MC: ŋei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfemale whale ???
    鴦  yāng OC: qaŋ MC: ʔi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfemale mandarin duck [See also BIRDS,DOMESTIC][CA]
    雌牝  cí pìn OC: tshe biŋʔ MC: tshiɛ bin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturethe female principle
    凰  huáng OC: ɡʷaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfemale phoenix [SHOULD BE MOVED TO BIRDS][CA]
    坤  kūn OC: khuun MC: khuo̝n 0 Attributions

    Kūn 坤 (ant. qián 乾 "metaphysically: male") is a metaphysical way of characterising things as belonging to the female realm. (NB incidentally and irrelevantly as a modern Chinese reflex kūn biǎo 坤錶 "women's watch".)

      Syntactic words