TOWER    樓

BUILDING which is MUCH HIGHER THAN BROAD.
TURRETTERRACESTEEPLESPIREMINARETTURRETBELL TOWERBELFRYCAMPANILESKYSCRAPERHIGH-RISEEDIFICETRANSMISSION TOWER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current general word for an elevated building erected for pleasure is tái 臺, and the word refers originally to a raised platform with stairs leading up to it, and with balustrades. In ancient China, most of important building were raised on platforms built of rammed earth. This custom spread already in the third millenium B.C. Since these times, large platforms without substantial buildings on it were also known, and they probably served to important public purposes. In the Chunqiu period, tái 臺 were often part of palaces. The period during which raised platforms - built for pleasure - most flourished was nevertheless the Warring States and Han. [HUANG 1995: 1116 - 1117] 2. Què 闕 refers to the towers built by the city gates or close to other main entrances, part of the function of which was to guard against evil spirits. Representations of these are extremely common throughout Han reliefs. 3. Xiè 榭 is a platform with a pavilion, and the word can also refer to the pavilion as such. The term sometimes also refers to a building used for military purposes, perhaps in the form of an open pavilion. 4. Tíng 停／亭 refers to an observation post in the form of an open-wall pavilion. The word also generally refers to the pavilion with open walls which can be built everywhere. It can be, but not necesarilly, raised on a high platform. 5. Guàn 觀 is a pavilion built in a high place, and with a good view. It was originally part of a palace, later it could be built everywhere.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARCHITECTURE 5. 觀，宮室門前建於高臺上的臺、樓類建築，有防禦功能，并能懸掛發布教令。 闕，漢代起建於宮門、城門、墓道、宗廟前兩側的有禮儀、標志作用的獨立高大建築物。 闕至唐以後消亡。 象魏，因 “ 觀 ” 上可懸掛教令，在下仰視者有巍巍之感而得名，先秦作 “ 觀 ” 的別名，秦以後是 “ 闕 ” 的別名。 “ 象、魏 ” 可分別與 “ 闕 ” 連用代稱朝廷。 ARCHITECTURE 25. 園林建築的臺，不起屋的平臺，或作一組宮苑的附屬建築。亭，建於臺或高物上，有屋蓋無牆壁。榭，有屋無牆的長方形臨水觀景建築。觀，摟館類主景建築。
Modern Chinese Criteria
塔 紀念塔 電視塔 跳傘塔 燈塔 金字塔 鐵塔 石塔 箭樓 角樓 更樓 鼓樓 鐘樓 譙樓 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • BUILDING　BIG ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR HUMANS OR ANIMALS to DWELL in OR BE-IN, or MOVE ON. (anc: 5/0, child: 23)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 245

    Turm:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 783

    ch'ueh (Grab-)Pfeiler

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 819

    Turm:

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    TERRASSEN

    • Words (11 items)

    臺  tái OC: dɯɯ MC: dəi 28 Attributions

    The most current general word for an elevated building erected for pleasure is tái 臺, and the word refers originally to a raised platform with stairs leading up to it, and with balustrades. In ancient China, most of important building were raised on platforms built of rammed earth. This custom spread already in the third millenium B.C. Since these times, large platforms without substantial buildings on it were also known, and they probably served to important public purposes. In the Chunqiu period, tái 臺 were often part of palaces. The period during which raised platforms - built for pleasure - most flourished was nevertheless the Warring States and Han. [HUANG 1995: 1116 - 1117]

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.
    • Assoc: 池/POND The most common word for an artificial lake of any kind is chí 池, and this word typically refers to a meandering lake, sometimes close in shape to a moat, particularly round elevated terraces and the like, around gardens and orchards, but also as part of palaces.
    • Assoc: 榭/TOWER Xiè 榭 is a platform with a pavilion, and the word can also refer to the pavilion as such. The term sometimes also refers to a building used for military purposes, perhaps in the form of an open pavilion.

    • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

      TERASSE

      Syntactic words
    • nterrace; square platform built on an earth-mound, belvédére; raised platform 高臺
    • npost-NN=massterrace made of NDS
    • npost-Nprthe Npr TerraceCH
    闕  què, quē OC: khod MC: khi̯ɐt 12 Attributions

    Què 闕 refers to the towers built by the city gates or close to other main entrances, part of the function of which was to guard against evil spirits. Representations of these are extremely common throughout Han reliefs.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 高/HIGH The manifestly dominant general word is gāo 高(ant. bēi 卑 "low" and xià 下 "low") which refers to concrete as well as abstract elevation.

      Syntactic words
    • ngate tower; lookout tower by the gate
    • n(post-N)tower of the contextually determinate placeCH
    臺榭  tái xiè OC: dɯɯ MC: dəi zɣɛ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialpleaure pavilions with towers of all kinds
    榭  xiè OC:  MC: zɣɛ 8 Attributions

    Xiè 榭 is a platform with a pavilion, and the word can also refer to the pavilion as such. The term sometimes also refers to a building used for military purposes, perhaps in the form of an open pavilion.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 臺/TOWER The most current general word for an elevated building erected for pleasure is tái 臺, and the word refers originally to a raised platform with stairs leading up to it, and with balustrades. In ancient China, most of important building were raised on platforms built of rammed earth. This custom spread already in the third millenium B.C. Since these times, large platforms without substantial buildings on it were also known, and they probably served to important public purposes. In the Chunqiu period, tái 臺 were often part of palaces. The period during which raised platforms - built for pleasure - most flourished was nevertheless the Warring States and Han. [HUANG 1995: 1116 - 1117]

      Syntactic words
    • nGY 17.5: wooden platform with pavilion, sometimes for military uses; later often overlooking the sea; building on a platform
    閣  gé OC: klaaɡ MC: kɑk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han: small and delicate (normally luxury-purpose) building
    • nfigurative"palatial tower" (of wisdom etc)
    臺謝  tái xiè MC: koj zjaeH OC: dɯɯ -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPelevated platforms with pavillionsLZ
    停  tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ
    亭  tíng OC: deeŋ MC: deŋ 1 Attribution

    Tíng 停/亭 refers to an observation post in the form of an open-wall pavilion. The word also generally refers to the pavilion with open walls which can be built everywhere. It can be, but not necesarilly, raised on a high platform.

      Syntactic words
    • nZGC: military observation platform, alternative form for 亭
    樓閣  lóu gé OC: ɡ-roo klaaɡ MC: lu kɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPtower
    義臺  yì tái MC: ngjeH koj OC: ŋrals dɯɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP=儀臺 ceremonial towerCH
    觀  guàn OC: koons MC: kʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Guàn 觀 is a pavilion built in a high place, and with a good view. It was originally part of a palace, later it could be built everywhere.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1119 - 1120

      Syntactic words
    • nHAN: high pavilion built in a location with a good view or near a gate; lookout tower; watch tower 兩觀"the two lookout towers"
    城櫓  chéng lǔ OC: djeŋ ɡ-raaʔ MC: dʑiɛŋ luo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPtower on the city wall 宋 趙與時 《賓退錄》卷三：“俄守陴卒報城櫓上得金帶，乃納之。”