ASCEND  往上升／上

WALK to REACH a MORE HIGH PLACE. 
CLIMBCLIMBGO UP/UPWARDMOVE UP/UPWARDRISE (UP)CLAMBER (UP)MOUNTSCALE
Antonym
Hypernym
  • WALKMOVE across the FLOOR>ground USING one's LEGS.
    • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
      • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
        • EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....
Old Chinese Criteria
[ARCHAIC/CURRENT]

[[BASIC/DERIVED]]

[DIFFICULT/EASY]

[ELEVATED/VULGAR]

[+FIG/LITERAL]

1. Shēng 升 (ant. jiàng 降 "descend") is perhaps the most general word dedicated to the meaning of "going up", and the word often has a literary, dignified flavour.

[GENERAL]; [[BASIC]], [[CURRENT]]

2. Shàng 上 (ant. xià 下 "descend"), on the basis of the general meaning "above", comes to refer to the moving to the position on top of or above something else, and the word has no elevated literary flavour.

[GENERAL]; [[CURRENT]], [[DERIVED]]

3. Dēng 登 refers to one entering a vehicle or moving onto a higher surface of any kind, typically (but not always) in a dignified manner.

[ELEVATED!]; [[CURRENT+]]

4 Pān 攀 refers to an arduous movement across difficult terrain to a higher position, supporting oneself by objects that one can hold on to as one is moving upwards.

[DIFFICULT+], [LITERAL]; [[BASIC]], [[CURRENT]]

5. Yuán 緣 refers to an often arduous movement in difficult "terrain" and guided by certain features of that terrain.

[DIFFICULT]; [[DERIVED]]

6. Chéng 乘 refers to the mounting of a vehicle, specifically.

[SPECIFIC]; [[CURRENT]]

7. Jī 躋 refers to ascending a burial mound as part of ritual.

[ARCHAIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]

8. Zhì 陟 "poetic: scale a mountain" (ant. jiàng 降 "descend") is a rare archaising words with highly restricted usage.

[ARCHAIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]

9. Jí 即 (ant.* xùn 遜 "resign a ruler's position", or perhaps also shàn 禪 "resign the throne") is always metaphorically "ascend (the throne)".

[SPECIFIC]; [[CURRENT]], [[DERIVED]]

Modern Chinese Criteria
登高

上

往上

登

陟

攀

爬

攀登

登攀

攀緣

first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ASCEND

    scandere reers to mounting a steep slope or height, where the ascent is connected with exertion and generally brings hands and feet into use.

    ascendere refers quite generally to ascending a height, without any special nuance.

    escendere refers to mounting a height which is fortified by ramparts or wall and the like, or which is highly visible, as a rostrum.

    conscendere is to mount something in the company of others, typically a ship or the like.

    inscendere is mount an enclosed space, typically a carriage etc.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 243

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 135

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 70

Words

登  dēng OC: tɯɯŋ MC: təŋ 54 AttributionsWD

Dēng 登 refer to one entering a vehicle or moving onto a higher surface of any kind, typically (but not always) in a dignified manner. [ELEVATED!]; [[CURRENT]]

    Word relations
  • Ant: 降/DESCEND The current word for descending is jiàng 降 (ant. shēng 升 "ascend", dēng 登 "ascend").
  • Object: 車 / 車/VEHICLE The current general term for a vehicle is chē 車, a term which also refers even more generally to all contraptions with wheels

    Syntactic words
  • vadNascending; travelling up; who have risen or ascended 登仙 "immortals who have risen up"
  • vt(oN)ascend (often in a dignified way), go up
  • vt+prep+Nascend; climb up (登乎)
  • vt+prep+Ncausativebe put up on
  • vtoNclimb up, go up; also by flying: 豋天 "rise to Heaven".
  • vtoNfigurativerise to the level of > reach the level of (such as a rank, position, etc.)
上  shàng OC: ɡljaŋʔ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 28 AttributionsWD

Shàng 上 (ant. xià 下 "descend"), on the basis of the general meaning "above", comes to refer to the moving to the position on top of or above something else. [GENERAL]; [[CURRENT]], [[DERIVED]]

    Word relations
  • Ant: 降/DESCEND The current word for descending is jiàng 降 (ant. shēng 升 "ascend", dēng 登 "ascend").

    Syntactic words
  • viactmove upwards (into the air)CH
  • viprocessgo up
  • vt prep Nascend NCH
  • vt(oN)climb (the contextually determinate place)
  • vt[oN]go up; move upwards
  • vtoNfigurativego up to > embark on > be involved in
  • vtoNN=placego up (to a certain elevated place); climb up (a tree etc.)
  • vtpostadVdirectiondirectional complement indicating the upwards movement of V 走上
升  shēng OC: qhljɯŋ MC: ɕɨŋ 15 AttributionsWD

Shēng 升 (ant. jiàng 降 "descend") is the general word dedicated to the meaning of "going up". [GENERAL]; [[BASIC]], [[CURRENT]]

    Word relations
  • Relat: 車 / 車/VEHICLE The current general term for a vehicle is chē 車, a term which also refers even more generally to all contraptions with wheels

    Syntactic words
  • viactgo up
  • vtoNrise up; scale up; go up; go up to
  • vtoNpassivebe scaled, be ascended
乘  chéng OC: ɢjɯŋ MC: ʑɨŋ 12 AttributionsWD

Chéng 乘 refers to the mounting of a vehicle, specifically. [SPECIFIC]; [[CURRENT]]

    Syntactic words
  • v(toN)ascend the contextually determinate NCH
  • vt(oN)continuoushave ascended (the contextually determinate object, carriages, vehicles etc)
  • vtoNascend; board (a boat etc); try to gain the high ground or a wall; scale; 
  • vtoNcausativecause to get up onto a vehicle
  • vtoNcontinuoushave ascended > ride in (a vehicle, a boat)
昇  shēng OC: qhljɯŋ MC: ɕɨŋ 5 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNascend, go up to
陟  zhì OC: tɯɡ MC: ʈɨk 4 AttributionsWD

Zhì 陟 "poetic: scale a mountain" (ant. jiàng 降"descend") are rare archaising words with highly restricted usage. [ARCHAIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]

    Word relations
  • Ant: 降/DESCEND The current word for descending is jiàng 降 (ant. shēng 升 "ascend", dēng 登 "ascend").

    Syntactic words
  • vtoNpoetic, archaic: scale, ascend (mountain)
即  jí OC: tsɯɡ MC: tsɨk 3 AttributionsWD

Jí 即 (ant.* xùn 遜 "resign a ruler's position", or perhaps also shàn 禪 "resign the throne") is always metaphorically "ascend (the throne)". [SPECIFIC]; [[CURRENT]], [[DERIVED]]

    Syntactic words
  • vtoNaccede to, move (up) into, ascend (throne)
緣  yuán MC: ywen OC: k-lon 2 AttributionsWD

Yuán 緣 refers to an often arduous movement in difficult "terrain" and guided by certain features of that terrain. [DIFFICULT]; [[DERIVED]]

    Syntactic words
  • vtoNclimb (a tree)　緣木
躋  jī OC:  MC: tsei 2 AttributionsWD

Jī 躋 refers to ascending a burial mound as part of ritual. [ARCHAIC], [SPECIFIC]; [[RARE]]

    Syntactic words
  • viactto ascend
  • vtoNascend ceremoniously
攀  pān OC: phraan MC: phɣan 1 AttributionWD

Pān 攀 refers to an arduous movement across difficult terrain to a higher position, supporting oneself by objects that one can hold on to as one is moving upwards. [DIFFICULT+], [LITERAL]; [[BASIC]], [[CURRENT]]

    Syntactic words
  • vt(oN)pull oneself up (by clinging to a heavy object) and climb up
  • vtoNclimb up to with difficulty, typically - but not always - by holding onto something as support
陵  líng OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNascend; go right up to; scale, climb up
上昇  shàng shēng OC: ɡljaŋʔ qhljɯŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ɕɨŋ 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • VPtoNascend
升仙  shēng xiān OC: qhljɯŋ sen MC: ɕɨŋ siɛn 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • VPiresultativerise up so as to V 升仙 "rise up so as to become an immortal"
蹈  dào MC: dawH OC: ɡ-luusCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNtread onCH
騰  téng MC: dong OC: lɯɯŋCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNfly up (a difficult mountain); ascend (a steep difficult terrain)CH
踐  jiàn MC: dzjenX OC: dzenʔCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNstep up onto: ascend (throne)CH
爬  pá OC: braa MC: bɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNpost-Han: climb
階  jiē OC: kriid MC: kɣɛi 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNpassivebe ascended (不可階而升)
隮  jī OC:  MC: tsei 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • viactto ascend
上來  shàng lái OC: ɡljaŋʔ m-rɯɯ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ləi 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • VPtpostadVdirectioncomplex directional complement indicating the upward movement of V, as well as the movement towards to the speaker 走上來 come running up (towards the speaker)
攀緣  pān yuán OC: phraan k-lon MC: phɣan jiɛn 0 AttributionsWD
  • () p. 3785a

    Syntactic words
  • VPiactclimb up by holding on to something (SANGUOZHI)
登陟  dēng zhì OC: tɯɯŋ tɯɡ MC: təŋ ʈɨk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • VPtoNascend, climb up
車  chē OC: khlja MC: tɕhɣɛ
車  jū OC: kla MC: ki̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • viactZGC: ascend a vehicle

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