THIS    這

The NEAR OBJECT.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current anaphoric or deictic purely referential demonstrative pronoun "this" is cǐ 此. 2. Shì 是 has a pregnant use meaning "such a" and characteristically refers to something by virtue of its quality (in which function it is not replaceable with cǐ 此 ), but in many contexts the word is used as a more generalised referential pronoun. 3. Sī 斯 is currently considered as a dialect variant of cǐ 此, but this raises many problems. 4. Zhī 之 is a an archaic deictic demonstrative pronoun restricted to adnominal position. It stands to reason that the other meanings of this word may be plausibly derived from this archaic meaning. 5. Zhě 者 is a highly specialised pronoun always modified by a preceding phrase.
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Hyponym
  • ONLY　THIS THING OR ACTION AND ALL OTHERS NOT. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • NEAR　RELATION of being at a SMALL DISTANCE of SPACE OR TIME IN-RELATION-TO something. (anc: 5/0, child: 2)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    THIS

    hic refers to this one that is here.

    iste refers to this one that is yours.

    ille refers to that one that is his.

    is refers to an absent person or thing.

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 228

    實，寔

    1. Note that the two characters are NOT homophonous in classical Chinese. The reminder of this in WL 227 is useful. However, it stands to reason that WHEN 實 is used as a loan character for 寔 it should perhaps all the same be read in the pronounciation of the latter word. The point needs systematic investigation.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 589

    • Words (39 items)

    此  cǐ OC: tsheʔ MC: tshiɛ 549 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • npro(adN)anaphoricthe aforementioned concrete item/person as subject
    • npro+N{PRED}anaphoricthis abstract subject (is N)
    • npro.abthis constellation; this situationCH
    • npro.adNabthis 此說之難"These difficulties with persusasion"
    • npro.adNanaphoricthis, these 此人
    • npro.adNdeicticthis present (time) 此歲
    • npro.adNgeneralthis kind of
    • npro.adNhypotheticalthis (hypothetical) person
    • npro.adNmthis
    • npro.adNprthis person so-and-so
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproconcretethese 此三者
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract此三者
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nabthese so-and-so-many abstract Ns　此三欲
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete此三大夫
    • npro.mthis stuff
    • npro.post=Nthis
    • npro1+.Vttonpro2.+N此謂之x
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=abstract此三本者
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=concrete此二人者
    • npro1=npro2adNthis his; this theirCH
    • npro:post.Vt[COMP]+prepgradedthis (after comparative phrases) 大於此
    • nproabstractanaphoric: this (particular aforementioned abstract but definite) item
    • nproabstractthis situation, this fact, this state of affairs 如此
    • nproad.V{NUM}+Nmodifying a counted set of things
    • nproanaphoricthe facts/situation just describedCH
    • nprocataphoricthe following
    • nproconcretethis person; these people (mostly plural) =此人; this concrete thing = 此物
    • nprodeicticthis item (unmentioned in the text before but present in the situation)
    • nprogeneralthe people/situation described above, in general [Interchangeable with 是 SUCH???]
    • nprononreferentiala certain hypothetical one
    • npropluralthese things
    • nproreference=textthis (aforementioned utterance, or quotation)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtpronominal object in preverbal position 此務
    是  shì OC: ɡljeʔ MC: dʑiɛ 406 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 時/MOMENT Shí 時 "time" is commonly used to refer to a moment in time.

      Syntactic words
    • npro[.adN]deictic是鳥也 "As for this bird...": This N, as described above
    • nabconceptthe "this"
    • npro(.adN)anaphoricthis (kind of) N (may come close to a personal pronoun)LZ
    • npro(.adNab)anaphoricthis (kind of) Nab; this Nab as described aboveCH
    • npro(post-vt[0])equivalent to 於是: in/at/from thisLZ
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}contrastiveit is N that PREDs (very much like 實)
    • npro.adNabstractly deictic: this N which has been implicitly around in the argumentationLZ
    • npro.adNabthis (abstract) N
    • npro.adNcataphoricthis N (which will be identified below)
    • npro.adNdeicticthis N (which is present)
    • npro.adNN=concretethis above-mentioned N; these above-mentioned Ns
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract是三者
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=concrete是二者 "these two items"
    • npro.adN{NUM}N=abstract是二 "these two features"
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nab是三端
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete是三臣
    • npro.post=Nab{S}topicalising or nominalising a preceding sentence: thisCH
    • npro.postVtreference=situationthis matter; these events
    • npro1.adV{NUM}+N:adnpro2N=concrete是四國者
    • npro1ad.npro2adNN of this [person/thing] (是其N, 此其N)LZ
    • npro:post.Vt[COMP]+prepabstractsuch an abstract matter/case
    • npro[.adN]time於是，自是"from this time onwards": this time
    • nprocataphoricthe following (i.e. speech etc)
    • nproN=abstractthis (particular abstract thing)
    • nproN=concretethis (particular above-mentioned thing)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtthis (object of the Vt that follows)
    • npro{OBJ}+Vt.postN{TOP}contrastivethis aforementioned N; the preceding N (is the one the SUBJECT VERBS) 敗是求 "it is defeat that you have sought"
    • vicopulabe the item(s) referred to (often abstract, typically 者 after main subject); be the items in question 夫國亦有猛狗，用事者是也。 [Contrast SUCH: be a paradigmatic example.]
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 116 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro(adN)the contextually determinate NCH
    • npro+V.postVtthis; marking embedded sentential objects: that this
    • npro.adNanaphoric: theseCH
    • npro.adNanaphoric"the relevant N, that relevant N, the N in question, the N involved"
    • npro.adNdefinitethe relevant N
    • npro.adNdeicticthe; this
    • npro.adNmthis, the
    • npro.adNnonreferential"a certain (NP)", the「不在其位，不謀其政。 "When one does not hold a certian position one does not make plans for the administration of that position."
    • npro.m:adNnon-anaphoric but context-determined: amounts of the relevantCH
    • npro.postVt:+V[0]him/her/it/them
    斯  sī OC: sqe MC: siɛ 111 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro(archaic, dialect) this (as described/specified above)CH
    • npro(adN)abstractoften emphatic:this abstract thing; this event; this course of action; this point; nothing other than this
    • npro(adN)concrete示諸斯"point it out on this (i.e. the hand)":this, this thing
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}contrastivethis (resumptive of immediately preceding N subject)
    • npro.adNabthis (modifying non-concrete objects) 斯文, 斯道
    • npro.adNconcretethis (concrete N) 斯子"this son"; often collective: 斯民 "these people", and never identifying: "this people"
    • npro.adNkind ofthis kind of; such
    • npro.adNnonreferentialreferring to hypothetical entities: this kind of; the
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    • npro.adN{NUM}:adnproN=abstract斯三者
    • npro.adV{NUM}+NN=concrete斯三人
    • npro[adN]this [place]> hereCH
    • npro[adN]approximatethis time
    • npro{OBJ}+Vt斯食之 pronoun preceding a transitive verb of which it is the object [There are more examples of this that need to reclassified.]
    • viactact like this??
    夫  fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 57 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nprothis state of affairsLZ
    • npro.adNthis kind of; such a (with typically untensed predicate); this notorious, this well-known kind of
    • npro.adNthis (notorious and) above-mentionedCH
    • npro.adNdefinitethat N of his
    • npro.adNdeicticthis specificCH
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    • nprotopicthis man, this fellow; this thing, this behaviour
    • V{S}pro.adSwhen one acts like this (then S1)
    實  shí OC: ɢljiɡ MC: ʑit 27 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}the subject N is the one that V-s. 天實置之，
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis, these 之二虫 "these two (kinds of) creatures" (ZHUANG)
    • npro.postVtdeicticthis item, this thing
    • npro.postVtindefinitea certain object, the relevant object
    茲  zī OC: sɯ MC: tsɨ 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNOBI: this
    • npro[adN]OBI 4: achaic: this
    • npro[adN]abstractthis abstract (procedure/reason etc)CH
    • npro[adN]N=timethis point of timeDS
    • nproanaphoricthe aboveCH
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNcolloquial: this 若由也; this matter 若所為
    • npro.adNtheseCH
    個  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 10 Attributions

    zhè gè

      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNN=abstractthis N (N is abstract)
    • NPpro.adNN=humthis N
    • NPprosubjectthis one over here (close to the speaker), this
    則是  zé shì OC: skɯɯɡ ɡljeʔ MC: tsək dʑiɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PP+Nab{PRED}.postSAnd this (is of the Nab type)
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Ndefinite post-nominal particle: these (NPs)
    • npro.adNthis N
    • ppostNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}a certain (Mr X); this fellow (Yan Hui)
    寔  shí OC: ɡljɯɡ MC: dʑɨk 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    • nproanaphoricthis same item
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]the one (as opposed to the other) 一者　(Perhaps this should be read as "the first" under ONE, but in fact, the reference is not to the first in a sequence but to ANY one in a sequence as opposed to the other)
    伊  yī OC: qlil MC: ʔi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    • npro.adNpluraltheseCH
    其  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNarticledefinite article: the (relevant)CH
    斯等  sī děng OC: sqe k-lɯɯŋʔ MC: siɛ təŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprothese
    • NPpro.adNpluralthese N
    厥  jué MC: kjwot OC: -- 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padNthis, thatCH
    這者  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC:
    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 3 Attributions

    zhè

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNN=classifierthis (preceding nominal classifiers)
    • npro.adNN=concretethis (with concrete nouns)
    • npro.adNN=humthis
    • npro.adV{NUM}+Nthis (preceding a noun phrase consisting of a numeral and noun)
    箇  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNN=humthis
    • NPproobjectthis
    • NPprosubjectthis
    這  yàn zhè，zhèi MC: ngjenH OC: ŋrans 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNabthisCH
    是其  shì qí OC: ɡljeʔ ɡɯ MC: dʑiɛ gɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpronominalof this
    如是  rú shì OC: nja ɡljeʔ MC: ȵi̯ɤ dʑiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNthis self-same
    • NPpro{OBJ}+Vtreference=objectthe following 如是聞
    • NPpro{OBJ}.+N+Vtthe following (textual) object 如是我聞
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ
    他  tā OC: lʰaal MC: thɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNweak "this" HYDCD: 虛指
    個  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ
    箇  gè OC: kaals MC: kɑ 2 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 137, #1

      這，那。指示代詞

      JIUTANGSHU 53: 個小兒。。。

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis
    彼  bǐ OC: pralʔ MC: piɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNthis! (The SHI passage seems to allow no other reading.)
    時  shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNdeicticpre-classical demonstrative pronoun
    者個  zhě gè OC: kljaʔ kaals MC: tɕɣɛ kɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNthis, these
    其  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNarticledefinite article: the (relevant)CH
    那一  nà yī OC: naals qliɡ MC: nɑ ʔit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adNRead nà yī> nèi: that {Is the the origin of 那 nèi???}
    只  zhǐ OC: kljeʔ MC: tɕiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNcolloquialcolloquial: this
    所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nprothis (?)
    此數  cǐ shù MC: tshjeX srjuH OC: tsheʔ sqros 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPprotheseCH
    是諸  shì zhū OC: ɡljeʔ klja MC: dʑiɛ tɕi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPproBUDDH: these several> these
    爾  ěr OC: mljelʔ MC: ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNBUDDH: that [SK]
    當  dāng MC: tang OC: taaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNthe relevant NCH
    此諸  cǐ zhū OC: tsheʔ klja MC: tshiɛ tɕi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpropluralthese several; these
    若此  ruò cǐ MC: nyae tshjeX OC: njaɡ tsheʔ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    一  yī OC: qliɡ MC: ʔit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adN1.adN2Read zhè yī > zhèi: this 這一般人 (This is surely the origin of the reading zhèi).