CROSS OVER  度過過

WALK ACROSS something.
TRAVEL ACROSSTRAVERSERANGE OVERNEGOTIATENAVIGATE
Hypernym
  • WALKMOVE across the FLOOR>ground USING one's LEGS.
    • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
      • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
        • EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....
Hyponym
  • THROUGH　CROSSING OVER OR USING AS A WAY, GOING INTO AND LEAVING.
    • TRANSCEND　CROSS OVER ABSTRACTLY AND GO OUTSIDE:beyond.
      Old Chinese Criteria
      1. The most general current word for crossing over something is guò 過.

      2. Dù 渡 typically refers to crossing water by foot or boat, and the word became exceedingly common from Han times onwards.

      3. Shè 涉 typically refers to crossing water by foot.

      4. Jīng 經 typically refers to crossing or passing through territory.

      5. Lì 歷 refers to passing through territories or time spans. For the latter meaning the character 曆 came to be used in later times.

      6. Yuè 越 and chāo 超 refer to leaping or striding across something. See also LEAP OVER

      7. Kuà 跨 refers to striding across something, see LEAP OVER.

      8. Jué 絕 refers in a somewhat elevated style to crossing a river or a desert by any means of transport.

      9. Fàn 犯 refers to managing to get across something that is hard to cross, but this usage is rare.

      10. Háng 杭／航 is an ancient word for crossing a river by ferry.

      Modern Chinese Criteria
      渡河

      渡江

      擺渡

      渡

      涉 refers to wading through a river, typically at a ford.

      越過

      穿過

      通過

      穿

      過

      rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

      • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.77

      • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 274

      • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 603

        渡，度

        1. It is indeed striking that in pre-Qin times the the verb for to cross was always written du4 度. But from Han times onwards du4 渡 was already very common. This does indicate that some of the orthography of the older texts does retain ancient features of the writing system, even in the received literature.

      • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 458

      Words

      渡  dù OC: ɡ-laaɡs MC: duo̝
      度  dù OC: ɡ-laaɡs MC: duo̝ 36 AttributionsWD

      Dù 渡 typically refers to crossing water by foot or boat, and the word became exceedingly common from Han times onwards.

        Syntactic words
      • vt(oN)cross over the contextually determinate place
      • vt+prep+Ncrooss over; ferry over
      • vtoNcross river by boat or ferry; derived general sense: to cross (also by foot at a ford)
      • vtoNN=placecross over to (the target place)
      • vtoNN=timepass through (some number of years etc)
      • vtoNpassivebe crossed 不可渡
      • vttoN1.+N2permissiveallow N1 to get across the contextually determinate N2
      過  guò OC: klools MC: kʷɑ 32 AttributionsWD

      The most general current word for crossing over something is guò 過.

        Syntactic words
      • vt(oN)get across a contextually determinate place N
      • vt0oNfigurativeit goes past (an appointed time) 過期 "it went past the appointed time, the appointed time passed"; spend (time)
      • vtoNguo1: cross over (a river, a bridge); transgress (a territory); pass through; pass by (a place or a person) PRONOUNCIATION!
      • vtoNfigurativecross over a time period > spend (a day; one's days)
      • vtoNobject=goalto cross over to
      濟  jì OC: tsiils MC: tsei 28 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vt(oN)cross over a contextually determinate place; cut across
      • vt+prep+Nbe cutting across (See AC Graham on hu)CH
      • vtoNgo across, try to get across; traverse, succeed to get across
      越  yuè OC: ɢʷad MC: ɦi̯ɐt 12 AttributionsWD

      Yuè 越, yú 逾/踰, and chāo 超 refer to leaping or striding across something. See JUMP

        Syntactic words
      • vt+prep+Nfigurativecross over > go beyond the (categorial) borders of, go beyond
      • vtoNleap over, leap across (an obstacle); generally: cross (a road etc.; a border); go beyond
      涉  shè OC: djeb MC: dʑiɛp 10 AttributionsWD

      Shè 涉 typically refers to crossing water by foot.

        Syntactic words
      • vt(oN)wade across the contextually determinate object
      • vtoNwade across
      • vtoNfigurativecome to touch upon the topic of, come to relate to
      • vtoNpassivebe crossed
      經  jīng OC: keeŋ MC: keŋ 9 AttributionsWD

      Jīng 經 typically refers to crossing or passing through territory.

        Word relations
      • Assoc: 歷/CROSS OVER Lì 歷 refers to passing through territories or time spans. For the latter meaning the character 曆 came to be used in later times.

        Syntactic words
      • nabactpassage through somewhere
      • vt+prep+Npass through (a time N)
      • vt+prep+NN=placecross over, pass through
      • vtoNpass through; cut through
      歷  lì OC: reeɡ MC: lek 8 AttributionsWD

      Lì 歷 refers to passing through territories or time spans. For the latter meaning the character 曆 came to be used in later times.

        Syntactic words
      • vt+prep+Nto pass through
      • vtoNto pass through
      • vtoNfigurativepass through (stages, ranks potential supporters)
      絕  jué OC: dzod MC: dziɛt 8 AttributionsWD

      Jué 絕 refers in a somewhat elevated style to crossing a river or a desert by any means of transport.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcross (river); traverse
      • vtoNderivedrun across, disruptCH
      徙  xǐ OC: selʔ MC: siɛ 7 AttributionsWD

        Word relations
      • Synon: 歷/CROSS OVER Lì 歷 refers to passing through territories or time spans. For the latter meaning the character 曆 came to be used in later times.

        Syntactic words
      • vt+prep+Ncross over, move across
      • vtoNcross over, move across
      超  chāo OC: khrlew MC: ʈhiɛu 5 AttributionsWD

      Yuè 越, yú 逾/踰, and chāo 超 refer to leaping or striding across something. See JUMP

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNjump over (the sea); pass over; jump on
      • vtoNfigurativecross over > transcend, go beyond, get passed
      踰  yú MC: yu OC: loLZ 3 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabjumping over (walls, as a thief)CH
      • vtoNjump across; get across; crossLZ
      杭  háng OC: ɡaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ
      肮  háng OC: ɡaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 2 AttributionsWD

      Háng 杭／航 is an ancient word for crossing a river by ferry.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNSHI: cross by ferry
      橫  héng OC: ɡʷraaŋ MC: ɦɣaŋ 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vadVgoing straight across
      • vt[oN]go diagonally across things; take a new directionCH
      • vtoNcross horizontally; go diagonally across
      • vtoNstativelie horizontally across
      透  tòu OC: lʰoos MC: thu 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNpass through; penetrate through
      馮  píng OC: brɯŋ MC: bɨŋ 2 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNwalk across
      厲  lì OC: b-rads MC: liɛi 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNwade across with one's clothes on
      犯  fàn OC: bomʔ MC: bi̯ɐm 1 AttributionWD

      Fàn 犯 refers to managing to get across something that is hard to cross, but this usage is rare.

        Syntactic words
      • vtoNmanage to get across; get across
      逾  yú OC: lo MC: ji̯o 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNgo across, cross over
      躔  chán OC: dan MC: ɖiɛn 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNfigurativetread upon and pass through
      徙去  xǐ qù OC: selʔ khas MC: siɛ khi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNresultativecross over
      越度  yuè dù OC: ɢʷad ɡ-laaɡs MC: ɦi̯ɐt duo̝ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNgo across, get across (mountains and rivers)
      透過  tòu guò OC: lʰoos klools MC: thu kʷɑ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNresultativepass through
      通過  tōng guò OC: kh-looŋ klools MC: thuŋ kʷɑ 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPtoNcross over to, stretch over to
      亂  luàn OC: ɡ-roons MC: lʷɑn 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vt+prep+Ncross against the current 亂于河
      • vtoNcross (river etc) against the current
      交  jiāo OC: kreew MC: kɣɛu 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • nabfeatureintersection
      • vi2intersect, crisscross
      衝  chōng MC: -- OC: thjoŋCH 1 AttributionWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNderived=衡?? One is tempted to follow 于省吾：「衝絕」不詞，「衝」當爲「衡」字 disrupt 待考CH
      凌  líng OC: b-rɯŋ MC: lɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • vtoNcross over 渡過；逾越。 《戰國策·燕策》：“ 胡 與 越 人言語不相知，志意不相通，同舟而凌波，至其相救助如一也。”
      津  jīn OC: tsin MC: tsin 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • nadNferry- (man)
      • vtoNcross in a ford or shallow place in the river; cross by ferry
      經過  jīng guò OC: keeŋ klools MC: keŋ kʷɑ 0 AttributionsWD
        Syntactic words
      • VPt(oN)pass by the contextually determinate place[CA]

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