COINCIDENCE    偶然

HAPPEN NOT BEING EXPECTED FOR WHICH ONE HAS NO EXPLANATION.[[NB incidentally: The Epicurean aleatoric view of natural history.]]
ACCIDENTALSERENDIPITOUSALEATORICINCIDENTALCOINCIDENTALCONTINGENTCHANCECONTINGENCYACCIDENTCHANCESERENDIPITYFORTUITYPROVIDENCEHAPPENSTANCEFATEA FLUKE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for contingency is shì 適 (ant. bì 必 "necessarily"). 2. Huì 會 is an historian's technical term for coincidence which became current in Han times, and the word is adsentential. 3. O ㄆ偶 (ant. bì 必 "necessarily") is a rather rare word specifically focussing on the arbitary contingency of something happening. 4. Guǒ 果 "in the event" focusses on the fact that something that might not have happened but was expected to happen, did in fact happen. 5. Zú 卒 and jìng 竟 focus on something happening in the end that might never have happened at all.
Modern Chinese Criteria
偶然 偶爾 偶發 偶 未免 "well and truly" 恰巧 剛巧 湊巧 可巧 碰巧 偏巧 趕巧 正巧 恰好 正好 剛好 可好 恰恰 剛剛 可可兒的 恰 剛 巧 正 適 正是時候 適逢其會 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • NECESSITYCERTAIN AND CAUSING ONE NOT to be ABLE to IMAGINE it being NOT TRUE.
See also
Hypernym
  • HAPPEN　ARISE as AN EVENT. (anc: 10/0, child: 3)
  • ARISE　The EVENT that something BEGINS to EXIST. (anc: 9/0, child: 1)
  • EVENT　REALITY that ARISES in TIME. (anc: 8/0, child: 4)
  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 216

    CHANCE

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 495

    CONTINGENS, qvod cum aliter essse potuisset, aliter factum est.

    Concurrunt 1. aliqvid 2. diversos habens modos. 3. Determinatio vuluntate aut casu facta, ut hoc modo fit.

    Ax.

    1. Contingentia rerum datur qvia modi plures dantur, qvo res esse possunt.

    2. Contingentia est in copia rerum, qvae aliter aut cum alijs copulari poterant.

    3. Contingentia possibilium est.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 103

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    FORTUNA/CASUS

    VICISSITUDO RERUM

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III497

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1563

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 12.1408

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 450

    會，適

    1. It is true that while there is one instance of shi4 hui4 適會 there seems to be no case of hui4 shi4 會適.

    2. Whereas shi4 適 often intervenes between subject and predicate, hui4 會 alone can always be construed as adsentential, as far as we I can see. This marks a significant difference between these words.

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    CHANCE

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.80.57

    HASARD.FORTUNE.SORT.DESTIN

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 542

    • Words (25 items)

    適  shì OC: qljeɡ MC: ɕiɛk 30 Attributions

    The current general word for contingency is shì 適 (ant. bì 必 "necessarily").

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 會/COINCIDENCE Huì 會 is an historian's technical term for coincidence which became current in Han times, and the word is adsentential.

      Syntactic words
    • vadSas it happened, in the event; as things happen to be, by chance
    • vadV士適出 "this officer happened to leave the house": in effect; as it happens; by some chance; as it turned out in the event; by some coincidence
    卒  zú OC: skud MC: tsʷit 17 Attributions

    Zú 卒 and jìng 竟 focus on something happening in the end that might never have happened at all.

      Syntactic words
    • vadVin the end, finally, as it turned out
    或  huò OC: ɡʷɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padSby some chance, by any chance, as it happened
    會  huì OC: ɡloobs MC: ɦɑi 12 Attributions

    Huì 會 is an historian's technical term for coincidence which became current in Han times, and the word is adsentential.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 適/COINCIDENCE The current general word for contingency is shì 適 (ant. bì 必 "necessarily").

      Syntactic words
    • vadSby coincidence, as it happened; by chance; it so happened that S
    • vadVas it happens; as the case is; certainly?
    • vt+V[0]by chance
    偶  ǒu OC: ŋooʔ MC: ŋu 5 Attributions

    Ǒu 偶 (ant. bì 必 "necessarily") is a rather rare word specifically focussing on the arbitary contingency of something happening.

      Syntactic words
    • vadVby chance; by pure chance; without planning; without proper planning
    恰  qià OC: khroob MC: khɣɛp 5 Attributions
    • 敦煌變文中的壯雙音節副詞 Dūnhuáng biànwén zhōng de shuāngyīnjié fùcí [Disyllabic Adverbs in the Transformation texts] 語言學論叢 Yuyanxue luncong ( CAO GUANGSHUN 1984) p. 120

    • 《祖堂集》虛詞研究 Zǔtáng jí xūcí yánjiū A Study of Function Words in Zǔtáng jí ( SONG YINSHENG 1996) p. 170-172

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]happen to V, by chance, have the opportunity to (the V is usually a positive event: be so fortunate to V; but sometimes also neutralized) The word expresses that an action happens by coincidence. It probably originated during the Tang dynasty and is quite common in ZTJ. In BIANWEN there is also one example of the reduplicated form of the word qiàqià 恰恰 : 峻嶺高嶺總安致，恰恰偏布不容針。 (WANG ZHONGMIN 1957: 370). There is also one example of qiàhǎo 恰好 in ZTJ (ZTJ 3.079; WU: 242: 有僧問： “ 十二中時如何據驗？ ” 師云： “ 恰好據驗。 ”)
    自然  zì rán OC: sblids njen MC: dzi ȵiɛn 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadSby coincidence
    • VPadVcoincidentally
    • VPibe coincidental
    忽  hū OC: hmɯɯd MC: huot 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}as it happened
    • vadSby coincidence (probably there are many places where one mechanically translates this word as "suddenly" where "as it happened" and the like are preferable.)
    值  zhí OC: dɯɡs MC: ɖɨ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadSby coincidence, as it happened
    遭  zāo OC: tsuu MC: tsɑu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVby chance, as it happened
    竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVin the end APPEARS ALSO IN SYN. GROUP 'REALITY'
    邂逅  xiè hòu OC: ɡrees ɡoos MC: ɦɣɛ ɦu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVby coincidence
    偶然  ǒu rán OC: ŋooʔ njen MC: ŋu ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPihappen to be as one is
    會值  huì zhí OC: ɡloobs dɯɡs MC: ɦɑi ɖɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadSby coincidence
    偶適  ǒu shì OC: ŋooʔ qljeɡ MC: ŋu ɕiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVby chance, without any human planning or other planning being involved
    儻  tàng 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadVby coincidence; out of the blue, just like thatCH
    適然  shì rán OC: qljeɡ njen MC: ɕiɛk ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfactualcoincidence
    • VPadNcontingent, fortuitous
    幸而  xìng ér OC: ɢreeŋʔ njɯ MC: ɦɣɛŋ ȵɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadVby any chance
    果然  guǒ rán OC: kloolʔ njen MC: kʷɑ ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVin the end, as a result, as expected, really
    恰值  qià zhí OC: khroob dɯɡs MC: khɣɛp ɖɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oSit happens to be that S; as it happens S; by coincidence S
    偶會  ǒu huì OC: ŋooʔ ɡloobs MC: ŋu ɦɑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalcoincidence
    恐  kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    適會  shì huì OC: qljeɡ ɡloobs MC: ɕiɛk ɦɑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVby coincidence
    時  shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadVas it happened, by happenstance, by coincidence
    空  kōng OC: khooŋ MC: khuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words