LABOUR    勞動

FORCED WORK that CAUSES one to BECOME TIRED.[[ARBEIT]]
TOILLABOREXERT ONESELFSLAVE (AWAY)KEEP AT ITPUT ONE'S NOSE TO THE GRINDSTONEINFORMAL SLOG (AWAY)PLUG AWAYPUT ONE'S BACK INTO ITKNOCK ONESELF OUTSWEAT BLOODLITERARY TRAVAIL.TOILSLOGDRUDGERYEXERTIONEFFORTINDUSTRYSERVICEINFORMAL GRINDSWEATELBOW GREASELITERARY TRAVAILWORK
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard current word for hard work, often commendable assiduous effort, is láo 勞. 2. Kùn 困 refers to work which is so hard as to be a substantial threat to well-being. 3. Jìng 競 can occasionally refer to exceedingly hard work, particularly in a competitive spirit.
Modern Chinese Criteria
勞動 refers to hard work. 勞 打工 refers to menial work. 做工 refers to manual work. 做工 做活兒 幹活兒 做長工 打長工 扛長工 扛長活 扛大活 扛活 攬工 做短工 打短工 打短兒 打零工 打零活 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
See also
  • WORKERADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
  • SLAVEINTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST.
  • SERVANTHUMBLE ASSISTANT in a HOME or OFFICE.
Hypernym
  • WORK　Make an EFFORT ENDURINGLY CONFORMING to a PLAN, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE an AIM, and OFTEN IN ORDER TO be PAID a SALARY. (anc: 14/0, child: 7)
  • EFFORT　DELIBERATE DILIGENT TRY:attempt to SUCCEED in an ACTION. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • TRY　ACT, BUT DOUBT WHETHER one WILL be SUCCESSFUL ACTING. (anc: 12/0, child: 9)
  • Die Rolle der Arbeit in verschiedenen Epochen und Kulturen ( BIERWISCH 2003) p.

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.12

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.13

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    TOIL

    Labor refers to the toil which requires strength and causes weariness.

    molestia refers to the trouble which, by its greatness or unseasonableness discomforts and dispirits.

    aerumna refers to the hardship tht almost exceeds human strength and bows down even the hero.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 60A;99B

  • China at Work. An Illustrated Recortd of the Primitive Industries of China's Masses, Whose Life is Toil, and thus an Account of Chinese Civilization ( HOMMEL 1937) p.

  • Farmers of Forty Centuries. Or, Permanent Agricutlure in China, Korea and Japan ( KING 1911) p.

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 1.152-215

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    LABOR

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.481

    ARBEIT

  • The concept of Work/Labor,Arbeit in the Chinene World BIERWISCH 2003: 103-136 ( WAGNER 2003) p.

  • Keywords. A Vocabulary of Culture and Society ( WILLIAMS 1976) p.

    • Words (12 items)

    勞  láo OC: raaw MC: lɑu 54 Attributions

    The standard current word for hard work, often commendable assiduous effort, is láo 勞.

      Syntactic words
    • nabacthard work, tiresome effort; toil; meritorious hardship
    • nabactlabour in vain, wasted labour
    • v[adN]nonreferentialone who has put it an effort> a hard-working?? and therefore deserving person
    • vadNlabourous, strenuous
    • vigradedto work hard, toil; put in an honest effort; make a strenuous effort 甚勞
    • vt(oV[0])work hard at doing the contextually determinate action VCH
    • vt+prep+Nab{ACT}work hard at V-ing
    • vt+V[0]trouble oneself to V; go through the trouble to V
    • vtoNwork hard at; spend much effort on; work hard for
    • vtoN勞人"work for others": work hard forCH
    • vtoNcausativecause to work hard; bother, inconvenience
    • vtoNcausativeexercise (one's body) in a positive, desirable way
    • vtoNcausativewith nonhuman object: exert one's N (勞力, 勞智)LZ
    勞苦  láo kǔ OC: raaw khaaʔ MC: lɑu khuo̝ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]hard labourLZ
    • VPadNlaborious, hard
    • VPiactwork very hard; labour away
    役  yì OC: ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛk 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactcorvee labour; very hard work
    • vi.redactslave away
    • viactengage in public work; put in work hard work
    力役  lì yì MC: lik ywek OC: ɡ-rɯɡ ɢʷleɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPactcorvee labourLZ
    筋骨  jīn gǔ OC: kɯn kuud MC: kɨn kuot 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmuscle and bone > activities involving muscles and bones > manual work, work, labour
    苦役  kǔ yì OC: khaaʔ ɢʷleɡ MC: khuo̝ jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactvery hard work
    困  kùn OC: khuuns MC: khuo̝n 1 Attribution

    Kùn 困 refers to work which is so hard as to be a substantial threat to well-being.

      Syntactic words
    • viactwork desperately hard
    勞勤  láo qín MC: law gj+n OC: raaw ɡlɯn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNexert to the utmost; tire outCH
    勞役  láo yì MC: law ywek  OC: raaw ɢʷleɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt.postN{SUBJECT}toil at NCH
    卑勞  bēi láo OC: pe raaw MC: piɛ lɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNcausativecause (oneself) to slave away
    勞勤  láo qín MC: law gj+n OC: raaw ɡlɯn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNCH
    競  jìng OC: ɡreŋs MC: gɣaŋ 0 Attributions

    Jìng 競 can occasionally refer to exceedingly hard work, particularly in a competitive spirit.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]struggle to, make every effort to