WHEN    當比(bi4)

The MOMENT t1 at which Situation S1 obtains being ALSO the MOMENT at which situation S2 obtains.
AS SOON AS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for "when" is the pre-sentential bì 比. 2. Jí 及 and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when". 3. Dāng 當 "during the period when" refers both to very short and quite periods of time. 4. Qí 其 "when" really only serves to mark a general subordinating particle which occasionally comes to be translatable by "when". 5. Yě 也 is frequently used at the end of sentences to form temporal subordinate clauses which provide background, often in conjunction with qí 其. NB: Sentence-final shí 時 "at the time when" is very rare in pre-Buddhist texts but becomes ubiquitous in Buddhist literature. The predecessor of this construction "S 之時 " "when S happened" is current in pre-Buddhist texts.
Modern Chinese Criteria
正當 當 到 ... 的時候 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Hyponym
  • AS SOON AS　IMMEDIATELY WHEN. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
See also
  • WHAT[GRAMMAR]
  • THENASSUMING FOR ARGUMENT that the PRECEDING SENTENCE IS TRUE. Contrast THEREUPON.
Hypernym
  • PRONOUN　NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. [] (anc: 13/0, child: 13)
  • NAME　SPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 79

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.445.402

    QUAND.LORSQUE

    • Words (66 items)

    及  jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 138 Attributions

    Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.adSwhen it came to (a certain point in time) 及期"When it came to the appointed time"
    • vt0oNPab{S}.adSwhen 及其。。。
    • vt0oNPab{S}.adScontinuativewhen it came to the period when (something happened or was going on)> while (someone was alive)
    • vt0oS1.adS2when it came to the point that S, by the time that S, at the point when S
    已  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 70 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSonce, after
    • vpostS1.adS2when; after S1, S2 (yǐ marks the relative temporal anteriority of an event; compare liǎo 了 and bì 畢 in this function) Compare also 已了 as an expanded form of considerable analytic interest.
    也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 58 Attributions

    Yě 也 is frequently used at the end of sentences to form temporal subordinate clauses which provide background, often in conjunction with qí 其.

      Syntactic words
    • ppostadN.adS白公之亂也"At the time of Lord Bai's revolt": at the time N
    • ppostadNPab{S1}.adS2generalising君子之至於斯也"When the true gentleman gets here": when
    • ppostadNPab{S}.+V[0]{PRED}SUBJ of V=SUBJ of S昔堯、舜之為君也，維恐...“When Yao and Shun were rulers, their only/main fear was...":marking temporal subordinate clause, the subject of which continues implicitly in the main clause: WhenCH
    • ppostadS1.adS2whenCH
    • ppostadV1.adV2[0]SUBJ of V1 = SUBJ of V2吾少也賤人“I, when young was of humble status": after V1-ing, when V1-ing
    凡  fán OC: blom MC: bi̯ɐm 50 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padNPab{S1}.adS2whensoever S1 (then S2)
    • padS1.adS2whensoever
    • padS1.adS2S1=subjectlesswhensoever 
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 27 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npropostN.adV>NPab:adS孔子之為司寇也"When Confucius served as minister of justice": When N (or Npr) V-ed, S)
    當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 27 Attributions

    Dāng 當 "during the period when" refers both to very short and quite periods of time.

      Syntactic words
    • vadS1.adS2at the time of S1 happening S2 happenedCH
    • vt0+V.adSwhen V-ing
    • vt0+V0.adSwhile it was V-ing 當暑 [or: vt0+N.adS???]
    • vt0oN.adSwhen it came to, at (such-and-such a time); during
    既  jì OC: kɯds MC: kɨi 24 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2when S1, then S2, as soon as S1 then S2
    • padS1.adS2...便when... thenCH
    • vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSwhen; as soon asCH
    時  shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 22 Attributions

    Sentence-final shí 時 "at the time when" is very rare in pre-Buddhist texts but becomes ubiquitous in Buddhist literature. The predecessor of this construction "S 之時" "when S happened" is current in pre-Buddhist texts.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-N.adSat the time of N
    • npost-S.adNN at the time of SDS
    • npost-S1 ZHI.adS2at the time S1, S2 happensDS
    • npost-S1.adS2at the time when S 余少時 "when I was young"
    • npost-V.adSwhen V-ing
    • vtoNPab{S}.adVavailing oneself of the time when S
    每  měi OC: mɯɯʔ MC: muo̝i 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:postSwhenever (after the subject)
    • padV1.adV2whenever
    次  cì OC: snʰis MC: tshi 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-S1.adS2at the time when; on an occasion when (late Tang) frequently appearing in the construction: 因... 次
    至  zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 16 Attributions

    Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".

      Syntactic words
    • vt0+NPab{S1}.adS2when S1 then S2CH
    • vt0oN.adSat the time of N, when it came to the time of N
    • vt0oS1.adS2when; when it came to (a time of S happening)
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 11 Attributions

    Qí 其 "when" really only serves to mark a general subordinating particle which occasionally comes to be translatable by "when".

      Syntactic words
    • npro.+V{PRED}:adStime whenwhen the subject
    • npro.adNabsubordinateforms a "nominalised" subordinate clause "his doing so and so"
    • padS1.adS2when S1CH
    比  bì OC: bis MC: bi 10 Attributions

    The current general word for "when" is the pre-sentential bì 比.

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2when, at the point when
    • vtoN.adVby the time of NCH
    方  fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2just when; from the moment; while ZZ 方其夢也 "just when we are in the midst of a dream"
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSjust when V, S; the moment when V, S
    訖  qì OC: kɯd MC: kɨt 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vpostS1.adS2This is a rather grammaticalized usage of 訖 marking the temporal anteriority of S1 to S2: after S1, S2 (see 了 and 已 in this function)
    及至  jí zhì OC: ɡrɯb kljiɡs MC: gip tɕi 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN.adSwhen it came to N, then S
    • VPt0oS1.adS2when S1 then S2 (note that S1 may be a minor sentence)
    已竟  yǐ jìng OC: k-lɯʔ kraŋs MC: jɨ kɣaŋ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostS1.adS2temporalafter S1, S2 (compare the more common monosyllabic 已, 竟, 了, 訖 in this function)
    何暇  hé xiá OC: ɡlaal ɡraas MC: ɦɑ ɦɣɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]expected answer: no!Whenever? At what time? i.e. never
    既已  jì yǐ OC: kɯds k-lɯʔ MC: kɨi jɨ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2when already; onceDS
    • PP{DISCONT}When; only after x had been over
    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adVat the time of N (preposition introducing time complements)
    • vtoN.postadVN=timeat the time of N (preposition introducing postverbal time complements)DS
    於  yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adVN=timeat the time of
    • vtoS.adV{PRED}:postN{SUBJ}at the time of S1, N V-ed
    • vtoV.postadNat the stage when N V-sCH
    待  dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯʔ MC: dəi 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2wait until S1 > when/after S1 (then S2) (compare Modern Mandarin 等到)
    有時  yǒu shí OC: ɢʷɯʔ ɡljɯ MC: ɦɨu dʑɨ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadSsometimes
    • VPadVthere was a time > at a specific point of time in the past; once
    竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vpostS1.adS2This is a rather grammaticalized usage of 竟 marking the temporal anteriority of S1 to S2: after S1, S2 (compare the more current 了 and 已)
    逮  dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯds MC: dəi 5 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 至/WHEN Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.adSat the time of N
    • vt0oNPab{S}.adSwhen
    • vt0oNPab{S}.postadSwhen
    • vt0oS1.adS2when it came to (a time of S happening)
    逮至  dài zhì OC: ɡ-lɯɯds kljiɡs MC: dəi tɕi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN.adSat the time of
    中  zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)in the process of the contextually determinate NCH
    • npost-.N+ZHIin times of N (e.g. 五帝之中)LZ
    • npost-.N+ZHI:adSduring NLZ
    • npost-NN=period of timewithin, during (a period of time)
    畢  bì OC: pid MC: pit 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vpostS1.adS2after S1, S2 (marking the relative anteriority of an event; compare 已, 了, 訖, and 竟 in this function)
    始  shǐ OC: lʰɯʔ MC: ɕɨ 3 Attributions
    • 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods ( JIANG/CAO 1997) p. 341

      Syntactic words
    • v0adV.adSjust when, exactly at the time when there was V, then S
    • vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSthe moment when, just when, exactly at the time when (also in BIANWEN)
    者  zhě MC: tsyaeX OC: kljaʔ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEwhenCH
    • npro.post-V.adSwhen, as soon as, once the subject had V-ed, thenCH
    而  ér MC: nyi OC: njɯ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV.post-N一歲而再獲之 'to reap it twice in a single year: in the course of N, during NLZ
    何時  hé shí OC: ɡlaal ɡljɯ MC: ɦɑ dʑɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro.adVrhetorical questionwhenever? (i.e. never)
    • NPproquestionwhen?
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.-shi2:adS2when S1, then S2
    • padS1.adS2whenCH
    已了  yǐ liǎo OC: k-lɯʔ reewʔ MC: jɨ leu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPpostS1.adS2when (compare the 已 alone of which this is an expansion)
    早晚  zǎo wǎn OC: tsuuʔ monʔ MC: tsɑu mi̯ɐn 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVpronominalsooner or later > when? (Tang poetry)
    到  dào OC: k-laaws MC: tɑu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oS1.adS2when
    已訖  yǐ qì OC: k-lɯʔ kɯd MC: jɨ kɨt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostS1.adS2when, after
    正  zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV1.adV2just when, exactly (at the time of V1)
    何日  hé rì MC: ha nyit OC: ɡlaal mljiɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVrhetorical questionrhetorical question when?; neverLZ
    畢已  bì yǐ OC: pid k-lɯʔ MC: pit jɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostS1.adS2after
    至於  zhì yú MC: tsyijH 'jo OC: kljiɡs qa 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoN.adSwhen it was N's turnLZ
    施及  shī jí OC: lʰal ɡrɯb MC: ɕiɛ gip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2yì jí: when it came to the time of
    應時  yīng shí OC: qɯŋ ɡljɯ MC: ʔɨŋ dʑɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadS1.postS2conform to that time > at that time, at the same time (more common is 當時 in this function)
    登時  dēng shí OC: tɯɯŋ ɡljɯ MC: təŋ dʑɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadS1.postS2at that time (contextually defined by S2) S1
    畢訖  bì qì OC: pid kɯd MC: pit kɨt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPpostS1.adS2come to an end, be finished
    假  jiǎ MC: kaeX OC: kraaʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adSat the time N (XUN)LZ
    幾時  jǐ shí OC: kɯlʔ ɡljɯ MC: kɨi dʑɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVquestionat what time (usually enquiring about a point of time in the future)
    夫  fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2when
    害  hé MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution

    Hé

      Syntactic words
    • padVquestionpre-classical interrogative adverbial "when?"???, loan for 曷hé
    惟  wéi OC: k-lul MC: ji 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adSIt was at the time N that S
    • vtoSS=timeit was when
    迄至  qì zhì OC: qhɯd kljiɡs MC: hɨt tɕi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2OBI 2: when it came to
    每常  měi cháng OC: mɯɯʔ djaŋ MC: muo̝i dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadS1.adS2whenever; always when
    瞥爾  piē ěr OC: pheed mljelʔ MC: phet ȵiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadS1.adS2the instant when S1, S2
    焉  yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padVrhetorical questionused in rhet. questions: when? 焉有.... When did it happen that? When it was true that..?
    及以  jí yǐ MC: gip yiX OC: ɡrɯb k-lɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2when it came to S1, then S2LZ
    當  dàng OC: taaŋs MC: tɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadV1.adV2When about to
    瞥  piē OC: pheed MC: phet 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padS1.adS2the moment when
    當其  dāng qí OC: taaŋ ɡɯ MC: tɑŋ gɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2when
    迄  qì OC: qhɯd MC: hɨt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.adSWhen it came to the time of N
    達  dá OC: daad MC: dɑt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.adSwhen it came to the time N
    比至  bì zhì OC: bis kljiɡs MC: bi tɕi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2temporalwhen
    下  xià OC: ɢraas MC: ɦɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]when the subject had V-ed,... [This meaning is clearly problematic and may have to be abandoned, but consider the examples collected in early colloquial, where the similarity to 已　WHEN is striking, as far as I can see...]
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.post-N:adSwhenCH
    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    亦既  yì jì OC: k-laɡ kɯds MC: jiɛk kɨi 0 Attributions

    when already

      Syntactic words
    • PPpostN{SUBJ}.adV:adSwhen already..., then S