WHEN 當比(bi4)
The MOMENT t1 at which Situation S1 obtains being ALSO the MOMENT at which situation S2 obtains.
AS SOON AS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word for "when" is the pre-sentential bì 比.
2. Jí 及 and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".
3. Dāng 當 "during the period when" refers both to very short and quite periods of time.
4. Qí 其 "when" really only serves to mark a general subordinating particle which occasionally comes to be translatable by "when".
5. Yě 也 is frequently used at the end of sentences to form temporal subordinate clauses which provide background, often in conjunction with qí 其.
NB: Sentence-final shí 時 "at the time when" is very rare in pre-Buddhist texts but becomes ubiquitous in Buddhist literature. The predecessor of this construction "S 之時 " "when S happened" is current in pre-Buddhist texts.
2. Jí 及 and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".
3. Dāng 當 "during the period when" refers both to very short and quite periods of time.
4. Qí 其 "when" really only serves to mark a general subordinating particle which occasionally comes to be translatable by "when".
5. Yě 也 is frequently used at the end of sentences to form temporal subordinate clauses which provide background, often in conjunction with qí 其.
NB: Sentence-final shí 時 "at the time when" is very rare in pre-Buddhist texts but becomes ubiquitous in Buddhist literature. The predecessor of this construction "S 之時 " "when S happened" is current in pre-Buddhist texts.
Modern Chinese Criteria
正當
當
到
... 的時候
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
當
到
... 的時候
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
- Using Chinese Synonyms
(
GRACE ZHANG 2010)
p.
79 - SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.445.402 QUAND.LORSQUE
Words
及 jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 138 AttributionsWD
Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSwhen it came to (a certain point in time) 及期"When it came to the appointed time"
- vt0oNPab{S}.adSwhen 及其。。。
- vt0oNPab{S}.adScontinuativewhen it came to the period when (something happened or was going on)> while (someone was alive)
- vt0oS1.adS2when it came to the point that S, by the time that S, at the point when S
已 yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 69 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSonce, after
- vpostS1.adS2when; after S1, S2 (yǐ marks the relative temporal anteriority of an event; compare liǎo 了 and bì 畢 in this function) Compare also 已了 as an expanded form of considerable analytic interest.
也 yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 57 AttributionsWD
Yě 也 is frequently used at the end of sentences to form temporal subordinate clauses which provide background, often in conjunction with qí 其.
- Syntactic words
- ppostadN.adS白公之亂也"At the time of Lord Bai's revolt": at the time N
- ppostadNPab{S1}.adS2generalising君子之至於斯也"When the true gentleman gets here": when
- ppostadNPab{S}.+V[0]{PRED}SUBJ of V=SUBJ of S昔堯、舜之為君也，維恐...“When Yao and Shun were rulers, their only/main fear was...":marking temporal subordinate clause, the subject of which continues implicitly in the main clause: WhenCH
- ppostadS1.adS2whenCH
- ppostadV1.adV2[0]SUBJ of V1 = SUBJ of V2吾少也賤人“I, when young was of humble status": after V1-ing, when V1-ing
凡 fán OC: blom MC: bi̯ɐm 50 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padNPab{S1}.adS2whensoever S1 (then S2)
- padS1.adS2whensoever
- padS1.adS2S1=subjectlesswhensoever
之 zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 27 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npropostN.adV>NPab:adS孔子之為司寇也"When Confucius served as minister of justice": When N (or Npr) V-ed, S)
當 dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 27 AttributionsWD
Dāng 當 "during the period when" refers both to very short and quite periods of time.
- Syntactic words
- vadS1.adS2at the time of S1 happening S2 happenedCH
- vt0+V.adSwhen V-ing
- vt0+V0.adSwhile it was V-ing 當暑 [or: vt0+N.adS???]
- vt0oN.adSwhen it came to, at (such-and-such a time); during
既 jì OC: kɯds MC: kɨi 23 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padS1.adS2when S1, then S2, as soon as S1 then S2
- vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSwhen; as soon asCH
時 shí OC: ɡljɯ MC: dʑɨ 22 AttributionsWD
Sentence-final shí 時 "at the time when" is very rare in pre-Buddhist texts but becomes ubiquitous in Buddhist literature. The predecessor of this construction "S 之時" "when S happened" is current in pre-Buddhist texts.
- Syntactic words
- npost-N.adSat the time of N
- npost-S.adNN at the time of SDS
- npost-S1 ZHI.adS2at the time S1, S2 happensDS
- npost-S1.adS2at the time when S 余少時 "when I was young"
- npost-V.adSwhen V-ing
- vtoNPab{S}.adVavailing oneself of the time when S
每 měi OC: mɯɯʔ MC: muo̝i 19 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padV.postN{SUBJ}:postSwhenever (after the subject)
- padV1.adV2whenever
次 cì OC: snʰis MC: tshi 17 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npost-S1.adS2at the time when; on an occasion when (late Tang) frequently appearing in the construction: 因... 次
至 zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 16 AttributionsWD
Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".
- Syntactic words
- vt0+NPab{S1}.adS2when S1 then S2CH
- vt0oN.adSat the time of N, when it came to the time of N
- vt0oS1.adS2when; when it came to (a time of S happening)
其 qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 11 AttributionsWD
Qí 其 "when" really only serves to mark a general subordinating particle which occasionally comes to be translatable by "when".
- Syntactic words
- npro.+V{PRED}:adStime whenwhen the subject
- npro.adNabsubordinateforms a "nominalised" subordinate clause "his doing so and so"
- padS1.adS2when S1CH
比 bì OC: bis MC: bi 10 AttributionsWD
The current general word for "when" is the pre-sentential bì 比.
- Syntactic words
- vt0oS1.adS2when, at the point when
- vtoN.adVby the time of NCH
方 fāng OC: paŋ MC: pi̯ɐŋ 9 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padS1.adS2just when; from the moment; while ZZ 方其夢也 "just when we are in the midst of a dream"
- padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSjust when V, S; the moment when V, S
訖 qì OC: kɯd MC: kɨt 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vpostS1.adS2This is a rather grammaticalized usage of 訖 marking the temporal anteriority of S1 to S2: after S1, S2 (see 了 and 已 in this function)
及至 jí zhì OC: ɡrɯb kljiɡs MC: gip tɕi 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN.adSwhen it came to N, then S
- VPt0oS1.adS2when S1 then S2 (note that S1 may be a minor sentence)
已竟 yǐ jìng OC: k-lɯʔ kraŋs MC: jɨ kɣaŋ 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPpostS1.adS2temporalafter S1, S2 (compare the more common monosyllabic 已, 竟, 了, 訖 in this function)
以 yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.adVat the time of N (preposition introducing time complements)
- vtoN.postadVN=timeat the time of N (preposition introducing postverbal time complements)DS
於 yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.adVN=timeat the time of
- vtoS.adV{PRED}:postN{SUBJ}at the time of S1, N V-ed
- vtoV.postadNat the stage when N V-sCH
何暇 hé xiá OC: ɡlaal ɡraas MC: ɦɑ ɦɣɛ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+V[0]expected answer: no!Whenever? At what time? i.e. never
既已 jì yǐ OC: kɯds k-lɯʔ MC: kɨi jɨ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.adS2when already; onceDS
- PP{DISCONT}When; only after x had been over
待 dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯʔ MC: dəi 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oS1.adS2wait until S1 > when/after S1 (then S2) (compare Modern Mandarin 等到)
竟 jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vpostS1.adS2This is a rather grammaticalized usage of 竟 marking the temporal anteriority of S1 to S2: after S1, S2 (compare the more current 了 and 已)
有時 yǒu shí OC: ɢʷɯʔ ɡljɯ MC: ɦɨu dʑɨ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadSsometimes
- VPadVthere was a time > at a specific point of time in the past; once
逮 dài OC: ɡ-lɯɯds MC: dəi 5 AttributionsWD
- Word relations
- Assoc: 至/WHEN
Jí 及and zhì 至 is somewhat less grammaticalised and works like "when things got to the point when".
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSat the time of N
- vt0oNPab{S}.adSwhen
- vt0oNPab{S}.postadSwhen
- vt0oS1.adS2when it came to (a time of S happening)
逮至 dài zhì OC: ɡ-lɯɯds kljiɡs MC: dəi tɕi 5 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN.adSat the time of
中 zhōng OC: krluŋ MC: ʈuŋ 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- n(post-N)in the process of the contextually determinate NCH
- npost-.N+ZHIin times of N (e.g. 五帝之中)LZ
- npost-.N+ZHI:adSduring NLZ
- npost-NN=period of timewithin, during (a period of time)
畢 bì OC: pid MC: pit 4 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vpostS1.adS2after S1, S2 (marking the relative anteriority of an event; compare 已, 了, 訖, and 竟 in this function)
始 shǐ OC: lʰɯʔ MC: ɕɨ 3 AttributionsWD
- 唐五代語言詞典 Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn A Dictionary of the Language of the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods
(
JIANG/CAO 1997)
p.
341
- Syntactic words
- v0adV.adSjust when, exactly at the time when there was V, then S
- vadV.postN{SUBJ}:adSthe moment when, just when, exactly at the time when (also in BIANWEN)
到 dào OC: k-laaws MC: tɑu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oS1.adS2when
正 zhèng OC: tjeŋs MC: tɕiɛŋ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vadV1.adV2just when, exactly (at the time of V1)
若 ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padS1.-shi2:adS2when S1, then S2
- padS1.adS2whenCH
何時 hé shí OC: ɡlaal ɡljɯ MC: ɦɑ dʑɨ 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- NPpro.adVrhetorical questionwhenever? (i.e. never)
- NPproquestionwhen?
已了 yǐ liǎo OC: k-lɯʔ reewʔ MC: jɨ leu 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PPpostS1.adS2when (compare the 已 alone of which this is an expansion)
已訖 yǐ qì OC: k-lɯʔ kɯd MC: jɨ kɨt 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPpostS1.adS2when, after
早晚 zǎo wǎn OC: tsuuʔ monʔ MC: tsɑu mi̯ɐn 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadVpronominalsooner or later > when? (Tang poetry)
者 zhě MC: tsyaeX OC: kljaʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- DELETEwhenCH
- npro.post-V.adSwhen, as soon as, once the subject had V-ed, thenCH
害 hé MC: -- OC: -- 1 AttributionWD
Hé
- Syntactic words
- padVquestionpre-classical interrogative adverbial "when?"???, loan for 曷hé
惟 wéi OC: k-lul MC: ji 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.adSIt was at the time N that S
- vtoSS=timeit was when
焉 yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- padVrhetorical questionused in rhet. questions: when? 焉有.... When did it happen that? When it was true that..?
瞥 piē OC: pheed MC: phet 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- padS1.adS2the moment when
當 dàng OC: taaŋs MC: tɑŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadV1.adV2When about to
幾時 jǐ shí OC: kɯlʔ ɡljɯ MC: kɨi dʑɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadVquestionat what time (usually enquiring about a point of time in the future)
應時 yīng shí OC: qɯŋ ɡljɯ MC: ʔɨŋ dʑɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadS1.postS2conform to that time > at that time, at the same time (more common is 當時 in this function)
施及 shī jí OC: lʰal ɡrɯb MC: ɕiɛ gip 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oS1.adS2yì jí: when it came to the time of
每常 měi cháng OC: mɯɯʔ djaŋ MC: muo̝i dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.adS2whenever; always when
畢已 bì yǐ OC: pid k-lɯʔ MC: pit jɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPpostS1.adS2after
畢訖 bì qì OC: pid kɯd MC: pit kɨt 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPpostS1.adS2come to an end, be finished
登時 dēng shí OC: tɯɯŋ ɡljɯ MC: təŋ dʑɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadS1.postS2at that time (contextually defined by S2) S1
瞥爾 piē ěr OC: pheed mljelʔ MC: phet ȵiɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.adS2the instant when S1, S2
迄至 qì zhì OC: qhɯd kljiɡs MC: hɨt tɕi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oS1.adS2OBI 2: when it came to
夫 fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- padS1.adS2when
何日 hé rì MC: ha nyit OC: ɡlaal mljiɡLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- NPadVrhetorical questionrhetorical question when?; neverLZ
假 jiǎ MC: kaeX OC: kraaʔLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vtoN.adSat the time N (XUN)LZ
至於 zhì yú MC: tsyijH 'jo OC: kljiɡs qaLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPtoN.adSwhen it was N's turnLZ
而 ér MC: nyi OC: njɯLZ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- padV.post-N一歲而再獲之 'to reap it twice in a single year: in the course of N, during NLZ
下 xià OC: ɢraas MC: ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
得 dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt+V[0]when the subject had V-ed,... [This meaning is clearly problematic and may have to be abandoned, but consider the examples collected in early colloquial, where the similarity to 已 WHEN is striking, as far as I can see...]
有 yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
迄 qì OC: qhɯd MC: hɨt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSWhen it came to the time of N
達 dá OC: daad MC: dɑt 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSwhen it came to the time N
亦既 yì jì OC: k-laɡ kɯds MC: jiɛk kɨi 0 AttributionsWD
when already
- Syntactic words
- PPpostN{SUBJ}.adV:adSwhen already..., then S
比至 bì zhì OC: bis kljiɡs MC: bi tɕi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.adS2temporalwhen
當其 dāng qí OC: taaŋ ɡɯ MC: tɑŋ gɨ 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.adS2when
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.post-N:adSwhenCH
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