PRODUCE    製造為

ACT so as to DELIBERATELY CAUSE something to BEGIN to EXIST.
MANUFACTUREMAKECONSTRUCTBUILDFABRICATEPUT TOGETHERASSEMBLETURN OUTCREATEMASS-PRODUCEINFORMAL CHURN OUT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most common word for producing something is wéi 為. 2. Chéng 成 focusses on the completion of the process and its success. 3. Zhì 治 focusses on the orderliness of the result. 4. Chǎn 產 focusses on the act of production as typically informed by professionalism. 5. Zào 造 refers to the production of something like a carriage through craftsmanship. 6. Zhì 制 refers primarily to the production of clothes, but the word later came to refer to all manner of production of artifacts.
Modern Chinese Criteria
製造 製作 造作 打造 生產 出產 創作 發生 產生 發出 生出 生 起 鬧 出 發 製 造 做 打 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BUILD　PRODUCE as a BUILDING. (anc: 13/0, child: 1)
  • COMPLETE　ACT out OR PRODUCE something so as to CAUSE it to BECOME WHOLE. (anc: 13/0, child: 1)
  • COOK　PRODUCE FOOD FOR IMMEDIATE EATING. (anc: 13/0, child: 7)
  • CREATE　PRODUCE something BELIEVING that it has NEVER BEEN PRODUCED BEFORE. (anc: 13/0, child: 2)
  • PROVIDE　PRODUCE, OR CAUSE it TO BE POSSIBLE TO USE, something USEFUL OR to MOVE something USEFUL to a certain PLACE WHERE it is NEEDED. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • WEAVE　PRODUCE CLOTH USING THREADS. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • WRITE　PRODUCE a DOCUMENT. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
  • SEW　PRODUCE GARMENTS ETC, USING NEEDLE AND THREAD AND CLOTH. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • SILK PRODUCTION　PRODUCING SILK. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • BEGET　PRODUCE OFFSPRING AS a MALE. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • FORGE　PRODUCE IRON TOOLS. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • DEPICT　PRODUCE a PICTURE of something.[CHANGE THE LABEL? "PAINT" IS ALREADY TAKEN!] (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • PRINT　PRODUCE INTENSELY MANY of the SAME DOCUMENT, NOT COPYING these. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • SPIN　PRODUCE THREAD. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • FROWN　PRODUCE WRINKLES ON one's FOREHEAD AS A REACTION TO SOMETHING ONE has become AWARE of. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • BREW　 (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
  • PRONOUNCE　PRODUCE SPEECH SOUND. (anc: 13/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • CHANGE　EVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2. (anc: 9/0, child: 18)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.11

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.72

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 73

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 7.1418

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1225

    制，製

    1. Zhi4 制 originally meant "produce", and this use of the word came to be written zhi4 製.

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 366

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 57B

    • Words (24 items)

    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 82 Attributions

    The most common word for producing something is wéi 為.

      Syntactic words
    • vt1oN1:post-.vt2oN2{OBJECT}produce N1 using N2; make N1 of N2DS
    • vtoNmake/produce/reproduce (physically), construct, build (a platform, a house)
    • vtoNconstitute, produce something by transforming something to itLZ
    • vtoNproduce an image ofCH
    • vtoNfigurativeproduce (problems etc)
    • vtoNiussivehave produced for one (ear-rings to give to the ruler)
    • vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • vtoNobject=abstractproduce (a theory, a thesis, a text)CH
    • vttoN1.+N2produce (something N2) (for someone N1)
    • vttoN1.+N2conativetry to produce something (N2) for someone (N1)
    • vttoN1.+N2reflexive.自make an N2 for (oneself)
    • vttoNpro.+Nproduce (or create) an N for Npro, make an N for NproCH
    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 45 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Synon: 造/PRODUCE Zào 造 refers to the production of something like a carriage through craftsmanship.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactengendering things, originating things
    • nabkindstypes of production, kinds of engenderingLZ
    • vt(oN)produce a contextually determinate thing
    • vt+prep+Nfigurativeproduce
    • vtoNcausativecause to grow, grow (grain); produce; give rise to; be the origin of, originate
    • vtoNfigurativeBUDDH: produce (psychological reactions)
    成  chéng OC: djeŋ MC: dʑiɛŋ 32 Attributions

    Chéng 成 focusses on the completion of the process and its success.

      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.postadVtverbal complementverbal complement indicating the result of an action/process 化成 transform into, 按成
    • vtoNto produce, to makeLZ
    • vtoNfigurativefinish the making of> make, produce, bring about
    • vtoNfigurativeform (factions etc)
    • vtoNfigurativecreate, form (cliques etc), successfully organiseCH
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡs MC: tsuo̝
    作  zuò OC: tsaals MC: tsɑ
    作  zuò OC: tsaaɡ MC: tsɑk
    乍  zuò MC: -- OC: -- 31 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 造/PRODUCE Zào 造 refers to the production of something like a carriage through craftsmanship.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)produce the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNproduce (coal etc); write (text);　produce (sound etc)
    • vtoNfigurativegenerate (a thought or plan etc)
    • vttoN1(.+N2)make N1 out of the contextually determinate N2
    造  zào OC: sɡuuʔ MC: dzɑu 21 Attributions

    Zào 造 refers to the production of something like a carriage through craftsmanship.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactproduction 造修之具
    • nobjectproduct (short for 所造)
    • vadNproduced, created
    • vt(oN)produce the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNproduce (fruit etc)
    • vtoNfigurativeproduce, create (resentment)
    • vtoNpassivebe producedLZ
    產  chǎn OC: sqreenʔ MC: ʂɣɛn 12 Attributions

    Chǎn 產 focusses on the act of production as typically informed by professionalism.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactproduction of goods
    • nobject(one's own) product; product (of a place)
    • vt+prep+Npassivebe produced from
    • vtoNcause to arise; produce
    出  chū OC: khljud MC: tɕhʷit 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativeCAUSE TO EMERGE> create, produce; undertake as an independent agent (a project of action)
    以為  yǐ wéi MC: yiX hjweH OC: k-lɯʔ ɢʷal 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtt(oN1.) N2produce an N2 with N1, make an N2 out of an N1CH
    生出  shēng chū OC: sraaŋ khljud MC: ʂɣaŋ tɕhʷit 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPimiddle voiceget produced
    • VPtoNproduce cf. BY 不生不出
    制  zhì OC: kjeds MC: tɕiɛi 3 Attributions

    Zhì 制 refers primarily to the production of clothes, but the word later came to refer to all manner of production of artifacts.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNproduce (primarily clothes, later also artifacts)
    做  zuò OC: skaas MC: tsuo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtpost-.VtoNproduce, make (something) (with a preceding coverbal phrase indicating the benefactor)
    搆  gòu OC: koos MC: ku 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmake; ensue (trouble); create
    發  fā OC: pod MC: pi̯ɐt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpsychproduce, develop
    設作  shè zuò OC: qhjed tsaaɡ MC: ɕiɛt tsɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNproduce
    興發  xīng fā OC: qhɯŋ pod MC: hɨŋ pi̯ɐt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativeproduce (a mental attitude, an effect in the mind)
    制匠  zhì jiàng OC: kjeds sbaŋs MC: tɕiɛi dzi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNproduce and fashion, create
    匠  jiàng OC: sbaŋs MC: dzi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNproduce, fashion
    造成  zào chéng OC: sɡuuʔ djeŋ MC: dzɑu dʑiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNproduce
    構造  gòu zào OC: koos sɡuuʔ MC: ku dzɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativeproduce
    炊  chuī MC: tsyhwe OC: khjol 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcast (bronze instruments)CH
    造設  zào shè OC: sɡuuʔ qhjed MC: dzɑu ɕiɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNproduce and prepare
    作成  zuò chéng OC: tsaaɡs djeŋ MC: tsuo̝ dʑiɛŋ
    作成  zuò chéng OC: tsaals djeŋ MC: tsɑ dʑiɛŋ
    作成  zuò chéng OC: tsaaɡ djeŋ MC: tsɑk dʑiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNproduce as a complete product, create so as to be a complete thing
    起  qǐ OC: khɯʔ MC: khɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNproduce
    化成  huà chéng OC: hŋʷraals djeŋ MC: hɣɛ dʑiɛŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativeproduce through transformation, engender through transformation