AGAIN    再又

REPEATing what has HAPPENED or been ACT:done in the PAST. 
ONCE MOREANOTHER TIMEAFRESHANEW
Old Chinese Criteria
[CYCLIC/LINEAR] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [INCREASING/STATIC] [SUBJ=HUMAN/SUBJ=NON-HUMAN] 1. Fù 復 tends to refer to a cyclic repetition of any any event, action, or process. [CYCLIC!], [GENERAL] 2. Yòu 又 refers to linear repetition, often of an incremental nature, of any event, action, or process (compare LAO 玄之又玄 "even more mysterious than the mysterious". [GENERAL], [INCREASING!], [LINEAR] 3. Zài 再 refers generally to linear repetition of the same action, typically by a human agent. [GENERAL], [LINEAR], [SUBJ=HUMAN!] 4. Gèng 更 in front of transitive verbs typically implies a change of object and thus often retains elements of its original force "improve", and the word often retains the nuance of an intended systematic improvement achieved by the change. [SPECIFIC], [SUBJ=HUMAN] 5. Xí 襲 refers to repetition by way of a continuation of a traditIon. See REPEAT. [LINEAR], [SPECIFIC], [SUBJ=HUMAN]
Modern Chinese Criteria
再 is the current modern word for "again" and its meaning derives from the meaning "twice", and the repeated action is typically (but not always) in the future. 又 contrasts notoriously with 再 in many other meanings, but when it means "again", the reference is typically to a repeated action in the past or in the present. [Add references to the extensive literature on this distinction.] 復 (lit) "again" is current only in epistolary style. 重複 再三 來回 又要 refers to repeated action in the future. 還 does not primarily refer to repetition but to doing something X in addition to something else Y. 重 chóng "repeatedly" is usually a bound form in modern Chinese. 反覆 "again and again" focusses on multiple repetition. 一再 is idiomatic for continuous repetition. 再三 is idiomatic for continuous repetition. 再三再四 is idiomatic for continuous repetition. 連連 重 還 更 復 再度 再次 重新 從新 重覆 重複 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH/
Antonym
    See also
    • ALSOADDING SOMETHING to what has ALREADY been SAID OR been REFERRED TO. 
    • STILLCONTINUING RESEMBLING:as EARLIER.
    Hypernym
    • REPEAT　HAPPEN AS OR what has HAPPENED BEFORE,OR SAY OR ACT:do what one has SAID OR ACT:done,. (anc: 13/0, child: 1)
    • SPEAK　ACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z. (anc: 12/0, child: 32)
    • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 14.35

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    AGAIN

    iterum refers to doing something a second time.

    rursum refers to doing something again, and in the same way.

    de integro refers to doing something again in a fresh or new way.

    denuo refers to returning again to a previous state or situation.

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 60

    1. WL claims that za4i 再 always means "twice" and claims that the word only came to mean "again" in the 近代 period. In fact, za4i 再 certainly does often mean "twice", but there is a wide range of current cases where the word means not "twice" but "a second time". Significantly, even the SHUOWEN explanation of the word suggests this second meaning.

    2. WL does not begin to appreciate the basic differences between the two words for again. WL 99 glosses yo4u 又 as fu4 復. Compare this identification of meaning with the contrasts elaborated in SSC under the heading of AGAIN.

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 111

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 349

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 466

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.108

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 202A

    ABERMALS

    • Words (18 items)

    復  fù OC: buɡs MC: bɨu 70 Attributions

    Fù 復 tends to refer to a cyclic repetition. >>GENERAL, CYCLIC!

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 重/TWO Chóng 重 is mostly adnominal and refers to something being two-layered.
    • Assoc: 又/AGAIN Yòu 又 refers to linear repetition, often of an incremental nature (compare LAO 玄之又玄 "even more mysterious than the mysterious". >>GENERAL, LINEAR, INCREASING

      Syntactic words
    • vadVagain (as in 復戰 "fight again, renew battle".(often of reverting to an original state:) again (失而復得"lose but regain again") occasionally and rarely adversative: on the contrary; (with negatives, not) any more, not any longer; but again
    再  zài OC: tsɯɯs MC: tsəi 39 Attributions

    Zài 再 refers generally to linear repetition of the same action. >>GENERAL, LINEAR

      Syntactic words
    • nsubjecta second case, a second instance
    • vadVa second time; for the second time 再取 "marry again" 再。。。再 "over and over again..."
    又  yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 20 Attributions

    Yòu 又 refers to linear repetition, often of an incremental nature (compare LAO 玄之又玄 "even more mysterious than the mysterious". >>GENERAL, LINEAR, INCREASING

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 復/AGAIN Fù 復 tends to refer to a cyclic repetition. >>GENERAL, CYCLIC!

      Syntactic words
    • padN{PRED}figurative. relational又其次"be next to the next-important" iteratively again applied to the same categoryCH
    • padVonce more, again (as in 又戰 "fight another battle")
    • vtoNrepeat (the same action)
    還  hái MC: -- OC: -- 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVagain (to be read hái since when???)
    更  gèng OC: kraaŋs MC: kɣaŋ 9 Attributions

    Gèng 更 in front of transitive verbs typically implies a change of object and thus often retains elements of its original force, and the word often retains the nuance of an intended systematic improvement achieved by the change.

      Syntactic words
    • vadVanother time, yet again; once more; also plural: more times in the future
    復更  fù gèng OC: buɡs kraaŋs MC: bɨu kɣaŋ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVchange again > yet another time, again
    又復  yòu fù OC: ɢʷɯs buɡs MC: ɦɨu bɨu 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPadVonce again
    薦  jiàn OC: tseens MC: tsen 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVfor a second time
    • vadVrepeatedlyLZ
    又更  yòu gèng OC: ɢʷɯs kraaŋs MC: ɦɨu kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadVagain
    續復  xù fù OC: sɢloɡ buɡs MC: zi̯ok bɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVagain, another time
    又重  yòu chóng OC: ɢʷɯs doŋ MC: ɦɨu ɖi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadVagain
    更就  gèng jiù OC: kraaŋs dzuɡs MC: kɣaŋ dzɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadVagain
    還復  huán fù OC: ɡʷraan buɡs MC: ɦɣan bɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVand again and again
    往來  wǎng lái MC: hjwangX loj OC: ɢʷaŋʔ m-rɯɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVover and over againCH
    亦復  yì fù OC: k-laɡ buɡs MC: jiɛk bɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVagain, also on this occasion
    有  yǒu MC: hjuwX OC: ɢʷɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadV= you4 又 'again'LZ
    襲  xí OC: zɯb MC: zip 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    重  chóng OC: doŋ MC: ɖi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVdoubling> another time, yet again; once again