ABSTRACT  抽象

LACKING REFER-TO:reference to CONCRETE THINGS.
THEORETICALCONCEPTUALNOTIONALINTELLECTUALMETAPHYSICALIDEALPHILOSOPHICALACADEMICRARE IDEATIONAL
Antonym
  • CONCRETEOBJECT OR FEATURE which HUMANS CAN PERCEIVE USING THEIR ORGANS of PERCEIVE:perception. 
    Hypernym
    • LACKSITUATION OF NOT HAVING, OR NOT to BEING-IN the UNIVERSE.
      • SITUATIONRELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT.
        • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
          • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE....
    See also
    • EMPTYLACK ALL POSSIBLE THINGS INSIDE.
      • SUMMARISEEXPLAIN COMPLETELY BUT SHORTLY, OMITTING NOT-IMPORTANT DETAILS.
          Hyponym
          • ABSOLUTE　What is ABSTRACT and does not DEPEND on OTHER ABSTRACT OR CONCRETE THINGS.
            Old Chinese Criteria
            [COMMENDATORY/DEROGATORY]

            [EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT]

            1. Xū 虛 derives its sense from the meaning "physically insubstantial" and refers negatively to something having only tenuous links with concrete things.

            [EXPLICIT]

            2. Wēi 微 derives its sense from the meaning "slight; tenuous" refers to something being so subtle and only indirectly suggestive as to have no direct manifest reference to any concrete reality or meaning.

            [IMPLICIT]

            3. Kōng 空 derives from the meaning "physically empty (space)" and refers to something being empty in a transferred sense so as to have no manifest reference to concrete reality.

            [DEROGATORY], [EXPLICIT]

            Modern Chinese Criteria
            抽象

            膚廓

            迂闊

            汗漫

            rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

            Old Chinese Contrasts
            LEIBNIZ 6.4 P. 54: A b s t r a h e r e philosophis, quod est cum aliis separatim considerare.

            A b s t r a c t u m constitutivum praedicationis.

            • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1

              ABSTRACTION

              Strong on ancient and medieval detail.

              Generally not helpful.

            • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 451

              ABSTRAHERE,

              aliquid ab aliquo vi sejungere. Apud Logicos tribuitur operationi Mentis, qua formam sine respectu Subjecti considerant: ut quantitatem sine quanto, albedinem, altitudinem, eruditionem ---

              ABSTRACTUM

              Logici vocant formam per se consideratam sine Subjecto.

              Interesting longish discussion.

            • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1826-32) p.

              Only periphrastic phrases are available:

              1. sevocatus a sensibus

              2. neque visu neque tactu manifestus

              3. a corporibus seductus

              4. subtiliter can come to mean "in an abstract manner".

            • Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie ( LALANDE 2002) p. 9

            • Table de definitions, pp. 437- ( LEIBNIZ 1704) p. 437

              ABSTRACTA sunt Entia, quae discriminant diversa praedicata ejusdem Entis.

            • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.12

            • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 1.42

            • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

              UNIVERSALS

            • Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Second Edition ( BROWN 2005) p.

            • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 7.1

            • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 37B

              ABSTRAKTION

            Attributions by syntactic funtion

            • NPab : 9
            • vadN : 7
            • nab : 2
            • VPi : 1
            • VPadN : 1

            Attributions by text

            • 史記 : 6
            • 韓非子 : 6
            • 呂氏春秋 : 2
            • 荀子 : 1
            • 淮南子 : 1
            • 鹽鐵論 : 1
            • 管子 : 1
            • 百喻經 : 1
            • 韓詩外傳 : 1

            Words

            虛言  xū yán OC: qhla ŋan MC: hi̯ɤ ŋi̯ɐn 6 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabtextabstract speeches; irrelevant talk
            虛  xū OC: qhla MC: hi̯ɤ 5 AttributionsWD

            Xū 虛 derives its sense from the meaning "physically tenuous" and refers to something being tenuous in substance or having only tenuous links with concrete realities. [EXPLICIT]

              Syntactic words
            • nababstract ethereal qualityCH
            • vadNfigurativeabstract and without concrete reference
            空  kōng OC: khooŋ MC: khuŋ 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNfigurativeinsubstantial, abstract, empty
            • vadNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: devoid of concrete reference to specific cases.JZ 8.1, Liu Hui's comm (possibly even Li Chunfeng) 此都術也。以空言難曉。 "This is a universal/general procedure, and it is hard to understand on the basis of general discourse (without a concrete paradigm)." 故特繫之禾以決之。 "Therefore it makes a point of linking the procedure concretely to millet in order to sort out things."JZ 8.18, Liu Hui's comm: 綱羅、道精，豈傳之空言 "As for the main strands in this, and the subtleties of the method, how could this be transmitted through abstract/non-exemplifying discourse?" 記其施用之例，著策之數，每舉一隅焉。 "By recording an example of its use in practice, by noting down the numbers in counting rods (cè) (in each position on the calculating surface), in each case we bring up one corner of matters (and leave the remaining three implicit, to be understood by the reader)."
            虛辭  xū cí OC: qhla zɯ MC: hi̯ɤ zɨ 3 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPabactabstract discourse; abstract moralisations; abstract rhetoric
            統  tǒng OC: thuuŋs MC: thuo̝ŋ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • nabmetaphysicalgenus (versus 類 "species")
            無著  wú zhuó OC: ma k-laɡ MC: mi̯o ʈi̯ɐk 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPadNwithout link to the physical world
            倜然  tì rán MC: thek nyen OC: -- njenLZ 1 AttributionWD
              Syntactic words
            • VPiabstruseLZ
            微  wēi OC: mɯl MC: mɨi 0 AttributionsWD

            Wēi 微 refers to something being so subtle and only indirectly suggestive as to have no direct manifest reference to any concrete reality or meaning. [IMPLICIT]

              Syntactic words
            • vadNbe subtle to the point where the concrete reference to reality or to one's meaning is absent
            總  zǒng OC: skooŋʔ MC: tsuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNsummarizing> general, all-encompassing; abstract 總名
            都  dū OC: k-laa MC: tuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • vadNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003: superordinate general, abstract (as in 都術 "dominant, i.e. general procedure (not limited to specific kind of mathematical case)"JZ 8.1, Liu Hui's comm. (possibly even Li Chunfeng) 此都術也。以空言難曉。 "This is a universal/general procedure, and it is hard to understand on the basis of general discourse (without a concrete paradigm)."In JZ 2.0 the main text begins 今有, and the commentary explains 此都術也。 "This is a main procedure (in the art of calculation)."
            空言  kōng yán OC: khooŋ ŋan MC: khuŋ ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
              Syntactic words
            • NPababstract discourse HANSHU: 空言謂褒貶是非也。

            Existing SW for

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