REINS  馬轡轡

ROPES USED TO STEER HORSES.
Hypernym
  • ROPEINTENSELY BIG AND STRONG THREAD.
    • THREADINTENSELY LONG THIN ARTEFACT PRODUCED USING COTTON, WOOL, SILK ETC, TYPICALLY USED FOR SEWING OR TYING UP THINGS ETC..
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The very current general word for reins is pèi 轡, and these are usually made of silk. [The word occurs often in SHIJING and in ZUOZHUAN. The term refers to the reins used to drive a chariot. In Chunqiu times chariot was usually pulled by four horses, so when one excludes two nà 軜 which were not held in the hands (see below), the driver held six reins in the hands. Reins were usually held by both hands, three in each.

2. Jiāng 韁 is colloquial and refers to the reins used for one single horse only.

3. Bà 靶 refers to the reins. The oldest evidence I have found dates from the Han.

4. Nà 軜 refers to the inner reins of the outside horses in a horse team. These were not held in the hands, but instead this they were fixed to the frontal part of a chariot box. The word occurs already in SHIJING.

5. Dí ｄｉ refers in LIJI to the horse reins.

6. Mí (I have not found the character in a list) refers to the rope for leading cattle.

7. Zhèn 紖 is another term for the rope used to lead cattle.

8. Xiè 紲 refers to the rope used to hold a dog.

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006

COMM 18. 御者通過韁繩，控制馬牛行進的方向和速度。

轡，韁繩常稱。

韁，漢代起口語中之稱。

鞿，側重於被繫縛，多用作動詞。

靶，由勒銜而代稱韁繩。

縻，用來控制駕車之牛的韁繩。

紖，牽牛的韁繩，包括御車之牛的韁繩。

靮，各種繫馬繩的泛稱。

紲，專指繫犬繩；又可泛指拴繫之繩。

Modern Chinese Criteria
馬轡

轡

轡頭

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

  • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1288

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 241

Words

轡  pèi OC: prɯds MC: pi 23 Attributions

The very current general word for reins is pèi 轡, and these are usually made of silk. [The word occurs often in SHIJING and in ZUOZHUAN. The term refers to the reins used to drive a chariot. In Chunqiu times chariot was usually pulled by four horses, so when one excludes two nà 軜 which were not held in the hands (see below), the driver held six reins in the hands. Reins were usually held by both hands, three in each.

  • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 140, tab. 7-36}

  • () p. {tab. 29}

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 219 - 220

  • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 463 {10-3}

    Syntactic words
  • nreins for any horse
  • nfigurativemeans of control
靮  dí OC: p-leewɡ MC: tek 2 Attributions
    Syntactic words
  • nhorse reins
紲  xiè OC: sled MC: siɛt 1 Attribution

Xiè 紲 refers to the rope used to hold a dog.

    Syntactic words
  • npluralreins
紖  zhèn OC: rliŋʔ MC: ɖin 0 Attributions

Zhèn 紖is another term for the rope used to lead cattle.

    Syntactic words
軜  nà OC: nuub MC: nəp 0 Attributions

Nà 軜refers to the inner reins of the outside horses in a horse team. These were not held in the hands, but instead this they were fixed to the frontal part of a chariot box. The word occurs already in SHIJING.

  • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 441

    Syntactic words
  • ninner reins of the outside horses in a team of four horses which is not held in the hand
靶  bà OC: praas MC: pɣɛ 0 Attributions

Bà 靶 refers to the reins. The oldest evidence I have found dates from the Han.

    Syntactic words
  • nreins used to control horses
韁  jiāng OC: kaŋ MC: ki̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

Jiāng 韁 is colloquial and refers to the reins used for one single horse only.

    Syntactic words
  • ncolloaquial, Han: reins for a single horse

Existing SW for

Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: