CHEW 嚼
BITE so as to CAUSE TO BECOME TENUOUS, OFTEN:typically INTENDing to EAT.
MUNCHCHOMPCHAMPCRUNCHNIBBLEGNAWEATCONSUMEFORMAL MASTICATEMANDUCATE
Old Chinese Criteria
It is interesting to note that all the words below are only rarely used to mean "chew" in ancient Chinese texts. And most words seem to belong more naturally into the group BITE.
1. Jué 嚼 and jǔ 咀 are rare and late words for "to chew", but jǔ 咀 also has a more general meaning "to eat".
2. Shì 噬 focusses on intense mastication and biting into food, and the word often includes the meaning of swallowing what one has chewed intensely.
3. Yǎo 咬 merely refers to the biting into something, and secondarily the chewing over of it, but the word never refers to swallowing.
4. Bǔ 哺 is first attested in TANG and involves a very mild degree of mastication or chewing, and often includes semantically the subsequent swallowing of food.
Modern Chinese Criteria
嚼 is the current modern word for to chew.
咀嚼 jǔjué is a more literary word which has many figurative meanings.
反芻 refers to regurgitation.
倒嚼 is a more colourless term for regurgitation.
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Words (8 items)
噬 shì OC: djads MC: dʑiɛi 1 AttributionWD
Shì 噬 focusses on intense mastication and biting into food, and the word often includes the meaning of swallowing what one has chewed intensely.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNgnaw, chew (and swallow)
𠯍 rán MC: -- OC: -- 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vi.red:adVdescriptive of gluttonous chewing: self-indulgentlyLZ
咬 yǎo OC: ŋɡreewʔ MC: ŋɣɛu 1 AttributionWD
Yǎo 咬 merely refers to the biting into something, and secondarily the chewing over of it, but the word never refers to swallowing.
- Syntactic words
- vtoNchew over, chew on undecorously; rare: HANSHU: shihuozhi, shang 易子而咬其骨 gnaw (as bones of each other's children)
噍 jiào MC: dzjewH OC: dzews 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt[oN]to chew thingsLZ
咀 jǔ OC: sɡaʔ MC: dzi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
Jué 嚼 and jǔ 咀are rare and late words for "to chew", but jǔ 咀 also has a more general meaning "to eat".
- Syntactic words
- vtoNpost-Han: chew
呥 rán OC: njam MC: ȵiɛm 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- viactchew
哺 bǔ OC: baas MC: buo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
Bǔ 哺 is first attested in TANG and involves a very mild degree of mastication or chewing, and often includes semantically the subsequent swallowing of food.
- Syntactic words
- viacthave food in the mouth, chew
嚼 jiáo OC: dzewɡ MC: dzi̯ɐk 0 AttributionsWD
Jué 嚼 and jǔ 咀are rare and late words for "to chew", but jǔ 咀 also has a more general meaning "to eat".
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN)chew the contextually determinate object N
- vtoNchew