BEAM  梁

LARGE TIMBER USED TO BUILD BUILDINGS.
JOISTLINTELRAFTERPURLINSPARGIRDERBALKTIMBERTWO-BY-FOURPLANKSUPPORTSTRUTSCANTLINGTRANSOMSTRINGERCOLLAR BEAMI-BEAM
Hypernym
  • TIMBERSUBSTANCE OF the MAIN PART of TREES.
    • SUBSTANCETHING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS.
      • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
Hyponym
  • PILLAR　VERTICAL BEAM OR RESEMBLING STONE USED TO KEEP SOMETHING LARGE AND HEAVY IN A HIGH PLACE.
    • THRESHOLD　BEAM ACROSS the FLOOR IN a GATE.
      • RAFTER　BIG BEAM USED in PRODUCING ROOFS.
        • MAST　LONG VERTICAL BEAM FOR HANGING SAILS on, IN the MIDDLE of a SHIP.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          [GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

          [GENERAL-USE/TECHNICAL-TERM]

          1. The current general term for a beam is liáng 梁, but specifically this refers to the north-south orientated rafters.

          [GENERAL!]

          2. Dòng 棟 refers to the ridge-pole of the roof, oriented usually in the east-western direction. It is also general term for the east-western beams in a roof construction. [HUANG 1995: 1044]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          3. Jí 極 refers to the beam at the top of the roof which is only visible from inside the house, and is thus a specific term for dòng 棟 in its specific meaning.

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          4. Luán 欒 refers to a bent piece of wood on the top of a pillar. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4. pp. 1371; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: pp. 72, tab. 4-50]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          5. Jí 极 is another term for the ridge-pole used in pre-Qin times; it does not generally refer to the east-southern beams: [HUANG 1995: 1044]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          6. Fú 桴 refers to the east-western beam which is second when counted from the ridge-pole: [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          7. Méi 楣 is another term for fú 桴. Later, the word began to be used for the horizontal beam above the door. [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          8. Guǐ 庪 refers to the third east-western beam. [HUANG 1995: 1045]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          9. Yǐn (written like 隱 but with 木 radical) and fén 棼 both refer to the highest east-western ridge-pole of the double-roof. [HUANG 1995: 1045]

          [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

          10. Lǔ (written 木 + 呂 ) refers to the beam supporting the rafters of the roof. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4, pp. 973]

          NB: A standard building has the main gate facing south, and all beams in the north-south direction are called liáng 梁, all beams in the east-west direction are called dòng 棟.

          黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
          HUANG JINGUI 2006

          ARCHITECTURE 9.

          椽，圓椽，後作椽子總稱。

          桷（ ju[U+00e9] ），方椽。

          榱（ cu[U+012b] ），唐以前椽的總稱，側重排列有等差。

          橑（ l[U+01ce]o ），復屋的椽子。

          ARCHITECTURE 10.

          梁，柱上南北向大木通稱，也可作棟梁泛稱。梁也稱杗、杗廇。

          棟，屋脊最高的東西向長橫木；又作屋棟通稱。最高的棟，上古、秦漢方言也稱為極。

          楣、桴，中棟以下第二棟，楣，又常稱門框上橫梁。

          庪（ gu[U+01d0] ），近檐的棟木。� „ （ y[U+00ec]n ），隱於天花上面的梁，又指復屋的最高棟。

          棼，復屋或重屋（樓）之棟。欐，曾作棟梁泛稱。在專業文獻中，棟稱桁、檁、槫，梁稱 ©Ÿ 。

          ARCHITECTURE 18.

          闑，門中所豎長木，可固定門扇，又有區分主賓人、公私事的禮制作用。

          閫，專指門中所豎短木，低於車軸高度。

          橛有時也可特指闑。

          閾，門下橫木，作內外之限。

          切，有砌飾的門限。

          柣，門限別稱。

          閣，設置在門扇旁防止已開門扇自動閉合的長木。

          棖，門兩旁所豎保護門的木柱。

          楔，有時特指門兩旁的木柱。

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          梁

          檁

          桁

          檁條

          檁子

          正梁

          脊檁

          大梁

          棟

          後梁

          橫梁

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.51

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            BEAM

            trabs or trabes refer to a longish and narrow beam, rather like a substantial pole.

            tignum refers to a shorter and thicker beam, like an elongated block.

          • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 108

          Attributions by syntactic funtion

          • n : 5
          • NPadV : 1

          Attributions by text

          • 淮南子 : 2
          • 戰國策 : 1
          • 韓非子 : 1
          • 祖堂集 : 1
          • 楚辭 : 1

          Words

          梁  liáng OC: k-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD

          The current general term for a beam is liáng 梁, but specifically this refers to the north-south orientated rafters. [GENERAL!]

            Syntactic words
          • nbeam; specifically: beam in the north-south direction
          棟  dòng OC: tooŋs MC: tuŋ 1 AttributionWD

          Dòng 棟 refers generally to east-west-directed beams in a building, but the word also refers specifically to the beam at the top of the roof. [SPECIFIC]

            Syntactic words
          • nbeam
          橋  qiáo OC: ɡrew MC: giɛu 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • nbeam; crosspiece
          桔皋  jié gāo MC: ket -- OC: kiid kuuCH 1 AttributionWD
            Syntactic words
          • n=桔槔　well sweepCH
          • NPadVby the use of well sweepsCH
          宙  zhòu OC: rliwɡs MC: ɖɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nHN: (generally) beam
          庪  guǐ OC: kʷreʔ MC: kiɛ 0 AttributionsWD

          Guǐ 庪 refers to the third east-western beam. [HUANG 1995: 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

            Syntactic words
          • nZHENG XUAN, YILIZHU: last but one lower dòng 棟
          极  jí OC: ɡab MC: giɛp 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nbeam
          杗  máng OC: maaŋ MC: mɑŋ 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • npost-Han: TANG: beam in the north-south direction, same as liáng 梁 in its specific meaning
          桴  fú OC: bu MC: bɨu 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nbeam
          棼  fén OC: bɯn MC: bi̯un 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • neast-west beam, ridge of a roof either on the first or on the second level in a double-roof house
          極  jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 0 AttributionsWD

          Jí 極 refers to the beam at the top of the roof which is only visible from inside the house, and is thus a specific term for dòng 棟 in its specific meaning. [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

            Syntactic words
          • nZHUANG: ridge of a roof
          楣  méi OC: mril MC: mi 0 AttributionsWD

          Méi 楣 is another term for fú 桴. Later, the word began to be used for the horizontal beam above the door. [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

            Syntactic words
          • nYILI: second traverse east-west beam, counted from top
          檼  yìn OC: qɯns MC: ʔɨn 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nSHIMING: east-west beam at the top of a two-layer building
          欐  lì OC: b-reels MC: lei 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nSIMA XIANGRU, SHANGLINFU: general term for a beam
          欒  luán OC: b-roon MC: lʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD

          Luán 欒 refers to a bent piece of wood on the top of a pillar. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4. pp. 1371; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: pp. 72, tab. 4-50] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

            Syntactic words
          橛  jué MC: -- OC: --CH 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • nupright beam; short wooden post, stakeCH

          Existing SW for

          Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

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