BEAM    梁

LARGE TIMBER USED TO BUILD BUILDINGS.
JOISTLINTELRAFTERPURLINSPARGIRDERBALKTIMBERTWO-BY-FOURPLANKSUPPORTSTRUTSCANTLINGTRANSOMSTRINGERCOLLAR BEAMI-BEAM
Old Chinese Criteria
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [GENERAL-USE/TECHNICAL-TERM] 1. The current general term for a beam is liáng 梁, but specifically this refers to the north-south orientated rafters. [GENERAL!] 2. Dòng 棟 refers to the ridge-pole of the roof, oriented usually in the east-western direction. It is also general term for the east-western beams in a roof construction. [HUANG 1995: 1044] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 3. Jí 極 refers to the beam at the top of the roof which is only visible from inside the house, and is thus a specific term for dòng 棟 in its specific meaning. [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 4. Luán 欒 refers to a bent piece of wood on the top of a pillar. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4. pp. 1371; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: pp. 72, tab. 4-50] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 5. Jí 极 is another term for the ridge-pole used in pre-Qin times; it does not generally refer to the east-southern beams: [HUANG 1995: 1044] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 6. Fú 桴 refers to the east-western beam which is second when counted from the ridge-pole: [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 7. Méi 楣 is another term for fú 桴. Later, the word began to be used for the horizontal beam above the door. [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 8. Guǐ 庪 refers to the third east-western beam. [HUANG 1995: 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 9. Yǐn (written like 隱 but with 木 radical) and fén 棼 both refer to the highest east-western ridge-pole of the double-roof. [HUANG 1995: 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM] 10. Lǔ (written 木 + 呂 ) refers to the beam supporting the rafters of the roof. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4, pp. 973] NB: A standard building has the main gate facing south, and all beams in the north-south direction are called liáng 梁, all beams in the east-west direction are called dòng 棟.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARCHITECTURE 9. 椽，圓椽，後作椽子總稱。 桷（ ju[U+00e9] ），方椽。 榱（ cu[U+012b] ），唐以前椽的總稱，側重排列有等差。 橑（ l[U+01ce]o ），復屋的椽子。 ARCHITECTURE 10. 梁，柱上南北向大木通稱，也可作棟梁泛稱。梁也稱杗、杗廇。 棟，屋脊最高的東西向長橫木；又作屋棟通稱。最高的棟，上古、秦漢方言也稱為極。 楣、桴，中棟以下第二棟，楣，又常稱門框上橫梁。 庪（ gu[U+01d0] ），近檐的棟木。� „ （ y[U+00ec]n ），隱於天花上面的梁，又指復屋的最高棟。 棼，復屋或重屋（樓）之棟。欐，曾作棟梁泛稱。在專業文獻中，棟稱桁、檁、槫，梁稱 ©Ÿ 。 ARCHITECTURE 18. 闑，門中所豎長木，可固定門扇，又有區分主賓人、公私事的禮制作用。 閫，專指門中所豎短木，低於車軸高度。 橛有時也可特指闑。 閾，門下橫木，作內外之限。 切，有砌飾的門限。 柣，門限別稱。 閣，設置在門扇旁防止已開門扇自動閉合的長木。 棖，門兩旁所豎保護門的木柱。 楔，有時特指門兩旁的木柱。
Modern Chinese Criteria
梁 檁 桁 檁條 檁子 正梁 脊檁 大梁 棟 後梁 橫梁 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • PILLAR　VERTICAL BEAM OR RESEMBLING STONE USED TO KEEP SOMETHING LARGE AND HEAVY IN A HIGH PLACE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • THRESHOLD　BEAM ACROSS the FLOOR IN a GATE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RAFTER　BIG BEAM USED in PRODUCING ROOFS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • MAST　LONG VERTICAL BEAM FOR HANGING SAILS on, IN the MIDDLE of a SHIP. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • TIMBER　SUBSTANCE OF the MAIN PART of TREES. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.51

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BEAM

    trabs or trabes refer to a longish and narrow beam, rather like a substantial pole.

    tignum refers to a shorter and thicker beam, like an elongated block.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 108

    • Words (16 items)

    梁  liáng OC: k-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions

    The current general term for a beam is liáng 梁, but specifically this refers to the north-south orientated rafters. [GENERAL!]

      Syntactic words
    • nbeam; specifically: beam in the north-south direction
    桔皋  jié gāo MC: ket -- OC: kiid kuu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n=桔槔　well sweepCH
    • NPadVby the use of well sweepsCH
    棟  dòng OC: tooŋs MC: tuŋ 1 Attribution

    Dòng 棟 refers generally to east-west-directed beams in a building, but the word also refers specifically to the beam at the top of the roof. [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words
    • nbeam
    橋  qiáo OC: ɡrew MC: giɛu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nbeam; crosspiece
    宙  zhòu OC: rliwɡs MC: ɖɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nHN: (generally) beam
    庪  guǐ OC: kʷreʔ MC: kiɛ 0 Attributions

    Guǐ 庪 refers to the third east-western beam. [HUANG 1995: 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

      Syntactic words
    • nZHENG XUAN, YILIZHU: last but one lower dòng 棟
    杗  máng OC: maaŋ MC: mɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han: TANG: beam in the north-south direction, same as liáng 梁 in its specific meaning
    极  jí OC: ɡab MC: giɛp 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nbeam
    桴  fú OC: bu MC: bɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nbeam
    棼  fén OC: bɯn MC: bi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • neast-west beam, ridge of a roof either on the first or on the second level in a double-roof house
    楣  méi OC: mril MC: mi 0 Attributions

    Méi 楣 is another term for fú 桴. Later, the word began to be used for the horizontal beam above the door. [HUANG 1995: 1044 - 1045] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

      Syntactic words
    • nYILI: second traverse east-west beam, counted from top
    極  jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 0 Attributions

    Jí 極 refers to the beam at the top of the roof which is only visible from inside the house, and is thus a specific term for dòng 棟 in its specific meaning. [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

      Syntactic words
    • nZHUANG: ridge of a roof
    橛  jué MC: -- OC: -- 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nupright beam; short wooden post, stakeCH
    檼  yìn OC: qɯns MC: ʔɨn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSHIMING: east-west beam at the top of a two-layer building
    欐  lì OC: b-reels MC: lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSIMA XIANGRU, SHANGLINFU: general term for a beam
    欒  luán OC: b-roon MC: lʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Luán 欒 refers to a bent piece of wood on the top of a pillar. [HANYU DACIDIAN: vol. 4. pp. 1371; ill.: HAYASHI 1976: pp. 72, tab. 4-50] [SPECIFIC], [TECHNICAL-TERM]

      Syntactic words