TRY  嘗試試

ACT, BUT DOUBT WHETHER one WILL be SUCCESSFUL ACTING.
ATTEMPTENDEAVORVENTUREMAKE AN EFFORTEXERT ONESELFSTRIVEDO ONE'S BESTDO ONE'S UTMOSTMOVE HEAVEN AND EARTHUNDERTAKEAIMTAKE IT UPON ONESELFINFORMAL HAVE A GOGIVE IT ONE'S BEST SHOTBEND OVER BACKWARDSBUST A GUTDO ONE'S DAMNEDESTPULL OUT ALL THE STOPSGO ALL OUTKNOCK ONESELF OUTFORMAL ESSAY
Antonym
  • INACTIVEREFUSE to ACT AND THEREFORE be PEACEFUL.
    Hypernym
    • ACTMOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision.
      • MOVECHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION.
        • CHANGEEVENT involving two MOMENTS t1 and t2, such that a THING at the MOMENT t1 is DIFFERENT FROM that THING at the MOMENT t2.
          • EVENTREALITY that ARISES in TIME....
    See also
    • STRIVE FORTRY INTENSELY to SUCCEED in something IMPORTANT.
      Hyponym
      • EFFORT　DELIBERATE DILIGENT TRY:attempt to SUCCEED in an ACTION.
        • ASPIRATION　MAIN EFFORT AND AIM in one's LIFE. 
        • WORK　Make an EFFORT ENDURINGLY CONFORMING to a PLAN, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE an AIM, and OFTEN IN ORDER TO be PAID a SALARY....
      • FAIL　TRY to ACHIEVE something BUT NOT SUCCEED.
        • IN VAIN　FAILING to ACHIEVE any AIMS.
      • FOR　TRYING to PROFIT:benefit someone, OR to OBEY someone, OR to ACHIEVE an AIM.
        • FUNCTION　What something is USED FOR OR is PRODUCED FOR, OR NATURALLY WORKS FOR>TOWARDS.
      • HELP　TRY to PROFIT someone OR to CAUSE a person TO ACHIEVE something one BELIEVES is DIFFICULT for that person.
        • SUPPORT　HELP so as to CAUSE NOT to FALL OR so as to CAUSE to FLOURISH....
        • BLESS　PRAISE SUPERNATURALLY AND HELP SUPERNATURALLY.
      • INVESTIGATE　TRY SYSTEMATICALLY to UNDERSTAND.
        • STUDY　INVESTIGATE THINGS OR IMITATE ANOTHER so as to STRIVE FOR SKILLFULNESS, KNOWING AND UNDERSTANDING....
        • TEST　INVESTIGATE whether something is TRUE OR UNTRUE....
        • CHECK　INVESTIGATE the TRUTH of a SENTENCE:statement.
        • ESPIONAGE　SECRET INVESTIGATION of the SITUATION in OTHER STATES.
        • SCIENCE　SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION of a DEFINED GROUP of PHENOMENA....
      • LISTEN　TRY to HEAR.
      • LOOK　TRY to SEE.
        • BLINK　LOOK so as to SHUT AND OPEN one's EYES, OFTEN INVOLUNTARILY.
        • LOOK UP　LOOK UPWARDS.
        • READ　LOOK at AND UNDERSTAND a DOCUMENT.
        • STARE　LOOK ENDURINGLY IN ONE DIRECTION
        • PEEP　LOOK AND HOPE that one is NOT SEEN LOOKING.
        • LOOK DOWN　LOOK DOWNWARDS.
        • SURVEY　LOOK at so as to INVESTIGATE MANY THINGS.
        • SQUINT　LOOK, one's TWO EYES LOOKING into DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
        • OBSERVE　LOOK at so as to INVESTIGATE.
        • LOOK BACK　LOOK TOWARDS BEHIND SELF.
        • LOOK TO SIDE　LOOK TOWARDS ONE'S SELF>OWN SIDE.
        • LOOK SIDEWAYS　LOOK TOWARDS SIDE NOT MOVING ONE'S HEAD.
        • GAZE　LOOK WITH FEELING AND WITH APPRECIATION OF ANOTHER PERSON
      • SEEK　TRY to FIND.
        • STRIVE FOR　TRY INTENSELY to SUCCEED in something IMPORTANT.
          Old Chinese Criteria
          1. The current general word for trying is shì 試, but the word generally refers to brief attempts rather than a concerted lasting campaign.

          2. Cháng 嘗 "make an attempt at" typically takes nominal objects, and the attempt referred to is typically of a transient kind.

          3. Qiú 求 refers to a sustained attempt to achieve a result.

          NB: There are apparently no nominal uses of any of these words. It will be interesting to find a case of a nominalised "attempt".

          Modern Chinese Criteria
          試

          試試

          嘗試

          試試看

          努力

          試驗

          試作

          触球

          設法

          rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

          • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 905

          • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.99

          • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 489

            CONATUS est ad aliqvid efficiendum virium intensio. Reqv. 1. aliquid bonum, arduum tamen 2. qvod tamen superatu speratur possibile. 3. si vires intendantur.

            Ax. 1. Failia conatu non egent.

            2. Ubi nulla spes superandi, nullus conatus.

            3. ardua sino conatu non superantur.

            Opus qvo magis arduum, eo intensionem reqvirit majorem.

          • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

            TRY

            tentare refers to making an experiment in order to form a judgment of something, from a desire of knowledge.

            peiclitari refers to making an experiment with courage and contempt of the danger associated with the experiment.

            experiri is merely to learn something by trying it out.

          • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 148

          • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

            CONATUS

          • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.

          • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.286.243

            EXPERIENCE.ESSAI.EPREUVE

          • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 59B

          Words

          求  qiú OC: ɡu MC: gɨu 24 AttributionsWD

          Qiú 求refers to a sustained attempt to achieve a result.

            Syntactic words
          • vt+V[0]seek to, make every effort to V 求仙 "try to become an immortal" 求及
          • vt+V[0]copulatry to become
          • vt+V[0]V=passivetry to be V-ed
          試  shì OC: lʰɯɡs MC: ɕɨ 16 AttributionsWD

          The current general word for trying is shì 試, but the word generally refers to brief attempts rather than a concerted lasting campaign.

            Syntactic words
          • vt+V[0]try to, make an effort to
          • vtoNtry (a task etc)
          嘗試  cháng shì OC: djaŋ lʰɯɡs MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ ɕɨ 9 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • VPadNtrial, experimental, speculativeLZ
          • VPt+prep+Nattempt to do something for N
          • VPt+V[0]try (to do something)
          • VPtoNtry (something) out
          看  kàn OC: khaans MC: khɑn 7 AttributionsWD
          • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 500-503

            2.3.2.3.2 SENTENCE FINAL ka4n 看

            As in the case of sentence final ha3o, I do not regard ka4n as fully grammaticalized. By contrast to the most of the other sentence finals, ka4n derives from a full verb: 'to look > to look and see what happens1344 > to try out'. The usage as sentence final originated during the Six Dynasties period but examples prior to the Tang/Five Dynasties periods are very scarce.1345

            In Bianwen there are six examples of sentence final ka4n1346 and Song Yinsheng counts 38 examples in ZTJ. 37 of the examples appear in imperative sentences/requests and ka4n indicates that the speaker wants the addressee to try to perform a certain action. 35 of the verbs co-occurring with ka4n are monosyllabic and there are 3 example where ka4n appears with disyllabic verbs.1347 In Bianwen all verbs occurring with ka4n convey a speech act. However, in ZTJ some of the verbs belong to other semantic categories. In Bianwen all occurrences of SF ka4n are in imperative sentences whereas in ZTJ there are also a few examples where the person who is trying out an action is the speaker himself. Song Yinsheng interpretes these data that there was a development of this function of ka4n inbetween the period of Bianwen and ZTJ. After the Song the usage of sentence final ka4n became even more frequent. However, the function and usage of ka4n in these early texts does not seem to be identical with its usage in Modern Mandarin.

            Ka4n is most frequent with verbs expressing an act of speech (V{speak} +... + ka4n 看):

            1203) ZTJ 5.142,08; WU: 453

            “某甲有一句子， "I have a phrase,

            不借諸聖口。” which does not borrow from the the words of the sages."

            師云： The master said:

            “汝試道看。”

            ru3 shi4 da4o ka4n

            NPRO2SG/VTVtry to/speak/SF.ATTEMPT

            "Try to tell [me this sentence]!"

            洞山云： Do4ngsha1n said:

            “不是某甲，” "It is not me."

            1204) ZTJ 5.096; WU: 426

            其僧云： The monk said:

            “問佛法不相當， "Asking for the Buddha-dharma is not appropriate,

            所以卻歸來。” therefore I will return."

            雪峰云： Xue3fe1ng said:

            “你舉看。”

            ni3 ju3 ka4n

            NPRO1SG/bring up > cite orally/SF.ATTEMPT

            "Try to bring up (i.e. cite a case for discussion)."

            Ka4n with other action verbs (V +... + ka4n 看):

            zhuo2 啄 (VT) +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT) 'try to peck'

            1205) ZTJ 4.133; WU: 364

            “這個老漢行腳時， "At the time when I, this old fellow here, was practicing as itinerant monk

            或遇著草根下有個老漢， I happened to meet an old fellow (i.e. myself) below the grass root, [?]

            便從頂o上啄一下錐看。”

            bia4n co2ng di3ng-ning sha4ng zhuo2 yi1 xia4 zhui1 ka4n

            then I tried to peck him once with an awl on his front head."

            che2ng 呈 (VT) +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT): 'try to present (to a superior)'

            1206) ZTJ 4.090; WU: 339

            師曰： The master said:

            “還將得此珠來也無？” "Did you bring this pearl along?"

            對云： [The student] answered:

            “將得來。” "I brough [it] along."

            師云： The master said:

            “若將得來， "If you brought it along

            則呈似老僧看。”

            ze2 che2ng si4 la3o se1ng ka4n

            then/present/PREP.OBJ.INDIR/NPRO1SG.SEMIold monk/SF.ATTEMPT

            then try to present it to me."

            In the example below the attempt is marked by shi4 試 (VTV) 'try to VERB' and sentence final ka4n 看 (multiple marking):

            shi4 試 (VTVtry to) + VP +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT):

            1207) ZTJ 4.084; WU: 334

            僧問： The monk asked:

            “何物大於天地？” "Which being (or: thing) is greater than heaven?

            師云： The master said:

            “無人識得伊。” "Nobody can know him (it)."

            僧云： The monk said:

            “還可彫啄也無？” "Can it be carved?"

            師云： The master said:

            “你試下手看。”

            ni3 shi4 xia4 sho3u ka4n

            NPRO2SG/VTVtry to/lower-hand>set about/SF.ATTEMPT

            "Try to set about."1348

            fe1n 分 (VT) +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT): 'to divide; to make a distinction':

            1208) ZTJ 4.026; WU: 300

            師云： The master said:

            “你試分看。”

            ni3 shi4 fe1n ka4n

            NPRO2SG/VTVtry to/devide/SF.ATTEMPT

            "Try to make a division."

            In the following example ka4n appears with a verb of perception, V{perceive}.

            ti1ng 聽 (VT) +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT) 'try to listen to':

            1209) ZTJ 4.019; WU: 295

            “本自圓成， "The original self is perfect

            凝然湛寂。 congealed in tranquility.

            和尚對聖人， When you, Preceptor, are confronted with a sage,

            說個甚摩事？” what matter would you tell [him]?"

            師云： The master said:

            “汝更聽看。” "Try to listen to it further."

            dua4n 斷 (VT) +... + ka4n 看 (SF.ATTEMPT) 'try to cut in half; to seperate'

            1210) ZTJ 3.103; WU: 256

            學曰： The student said:

            “人王與法王， "The king of men and the king of the dharma,

            相去幾何？” how far are they apart from each other (i.e. what is the difference between them)?"

            師云： The master said:

            “汝自斷看。” "Try yourself to divide [them]."

            進云： [The student] added:

            “學人斷不得。 "I cannot divide them.

            卻請和尚斷。” However, I ask you to divide [them]."

          • 重談語助詞‘看’的起源 Chóngtán yǔzhùcí kàn de qǐyuán [A Further Discussion of the origin of the Auxiliary Word 'kan'] 中國語文 Zhongguo yuwen ( CAI JINGHAO 1990A) p.

          • 敦煌變文中的助詞系統 Dūnhuáng biànwén zhōng de zhùcí xìtǒng [The System of Auxiliary Words in the Dunhuang Transformation Texts] 語言研究 Yuyan yanjiu ( LI QUAN 1992) p.

          • 佛經詞語匯釋 Fójīng cíyǔ huìshì The Translation of the Vocabulary of Buddhist Sūtras ( LI WEIQI 2004) p. 194

            Appears in the Buddhist translations of the Sui period

          • 《祖堂集》虛詞研究 Zǔtáng jí xūcí yánjiū A Study of Function Words in Zǔtáng jí ( SONG YINSHENG 1996) p. 545-546

          • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 2/190: 781a24

            此乃是我試彼心看

          • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 3/190: 798b7

            汝但說看 just try to speak up

          • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 3/190: 815b4

            FOBEN XINGJI JING:

            少忍耐看，莫聲優惱 try to be a little patient and do not be said

            Syntactic words
          • vpostadVrequestV and investigate > try to V, V and see what happens (already appearing in sūtra translations of the Sui period (see LI WEIQI 2004: 194); the verbal phrase it follows can be complex and consist of a vt+N; in the colloquial language of the Tang this construction became increasingly popular, expressing mild requests; sometimes also defined as sentence final particle)
          欲  yù MC: yowk OC: k-loɡCH 3 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoV[0](not just quietly wish but physically) try to VCH
          嘗  cháng OC: djaŋ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD

          Cháng 嘗 "make an attempt at" typically takes nominal objects, and the attempt referred to is typically of a transient kind.

            Syntactic words
          • vt(+V[0])try to do the contextually determinate thing
          • vt+V[0]try to V
          • vtoNmake an attempt at, give a try
          為  wéi MC: hjweH OC: ɢʷalCH 0 AttributionsWD
            Syntactic words
          • vtoV[0]do one's best to VCH

          Existing SW for

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