SEAL  圖章

SYMBOL USED TO PROVE OFFICIAL AUTHORITY of a DOCUMENT by PRODUCING a MARK on that DOCUMENT.
EMBLEMSYMBOLINSIGNIADEVICEBADGECRESTCOAT OF ARMSMARKMONOGRAMSTAMP
Hypernym
  • SYMBOLARTEFACT USED FOR REFERRING to something INTENSELY DIFFERENT from that ARTEFACT.
    • ARTEFACTTHING PRODUCED by MAN.
      • THINGCONCRETE OBJECT.
        • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
Old Chinese Criteria
1. General word for the seal was originally xǐ 璽, and this could refer to the seals used both by officials and commoners, particularly traders. Originally, seals perhaps served mainly to the exchange of goods in Warring States times, but in the same period they came to be used by officials as a symbol of administrative authority. Official documents had to be all sealed with a piece of mud adhered on the cord tying up the document and impressed with an official seal. In the Han period, the word xǐ 璽 came to refer to the seals used by an Emperor and members of his family; these were usually made of jade.

2. Yìn 印 refers to the seals used by officials as a symbol of authority and also status in the bureaucratic hierarchy. The word began to be used in the Warring States period. Seals were worn tied to the waist (perhaps in a small sack; but there are also sealing fingerrings known from the Han period), were mostly of square shape, and material of which they were made expressed status of their holders. According to Han texts, the highest officials and aristocracy had golden seals, the lower silver, and minor officials had seals made of bronze.

3. Zhāng 章 is the word for the official seal which was used since Han times onwards.

4. Fēng ní 封泥 refers to the the piece of mud adhered on a document and impressed with a seal. The mud used for this purpose was worn in special tubes.

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006

GOVERNMENT/LAW 8.

璽，先秦尊卑通用。秦始皇之後，專指皇帝之印，玉製。至漢代，皇后、諸侯王之印也可稱璽。唐代武後改 “ 璽 ” 為 “ 寶 ” ，唐玄宗以後，皇帝用印名 “ 寶 ” 漸成定製。

章，吏秩二千石以上的五字官印，始於漢武帝時，隋唐以後漸廢。

印，漢武帝太初元年至隋唐，專指吏秩千石以下至四百石者所用官印；也泛稱私人印章。

記，唐代起可作官印，五代時多指高官之印，宋以後指下級官吏印。

Modern Chinese Criteria
圖章

印章

戳兒

戳記

手戳

圖書

圖記

鈐記 (obs) refers to a traditional official seal.

印信

章

印

篆

璽

rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

Attributions by syntactic funtion

  • n : 14
  • nab : 3
  • NPab : 3
  • nadN : 1
  • vtoN : 1

Attributions by text

  • 韓非子 : 10
  • 祖堂集 : 6
  • 春秋左傳 : 1
  • 淮南子 : 1
  • 禮記 : 1
  • 臨濟錄 : 1
  • 戰國策 : 1
  • 史記 : 1

Words

璽  xǐ OC: smelʔ MC: siɛ 10 AttributionsWD

General word for the seal was originally xǐ 璽, and this could refer to the seals used both by officials and commoners, particularly traders. Originally, seals perhaps served mainly to the exchange of goods in Warring States times, but in the same period they came to be used by officials as a symbol of administrative authority. Official documents had to be all sealed with a piece of mud adhered on the cord tying up the document and impressed with an official seal. In the Han period, the word xǐ 璽 came to refer to the seals used by an Emperor and members of his family; these were usually made of jade.

    Syntactic words
  • nofficial seal as a symbol of administrative authority
  • nadNsealed
印  yìn OC: qiŋs MC: ʔin 6 AttributionsWD

Yìn 印 refers to the seals used by officials as a symbol of authority and also status in the bureaucratic hierarchy. The word began to be used in the Warring States period. Seals were worn tied to the waist (perhaps in a small sack; but there are also sealing fingerrings known from the Han period), were mostly of square shape, and material of which they were made expressed status of their holders. According to Han texts, the highest officials and aristocracy had golden seals, the lower silver, and minor officials had seals made of bronze.

    Syntactic words
  • nseals of state
  • nabbuddhistBuddh: (mind) seal (as symbol for the transmission of the teaching) > approval (that one is officially part of a lineage)
  • vtoNfigurative"imprint oneself on"> be reflected in
章  zhāng OC: kjaŋ MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 3 AttributionsWD

Zhāng 章is the word for the official seal which was used since Han times onwards.

    Syntactic words
  • nofficial insignia
心印  xīn yìn OC: slɯm qiŋs MC: sim ʔin 3 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPabfigurativeBUDDH: mind-seal (as symbol for the transmission of the teaching)
押  yā OC: qraab MC: ʔɣap 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • vtoNto seal, stamp
印可  yìn kě OC: qiŋs khlaalʔ MC: ʔin khɑ 0 AttributionsWD
  • Facets of the Life and Teaching of Chan Master Yunmen Wenyan (864-949) ( APP 1987) p. 331, fn.1031

  • 楞伽師資記 Léngqié shīzī jì Record on the Masters and Disciples of the Lañkāvatāra Taishō ( LENGQIE SHIZI JI) p. 1290a14

  • 鎮州臨濟慧照禪師語錄語 Zhènzhōu Línjì Huìzhào chánshī yǔlù The Recorded Sayings of Linji Huizhao of Zhen Province Taishō ( LINJILU(A)) p. 506c12-13

  • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 68b

  • 維摩詰所說經 Wéimójié suǒ shuō jīng Vimalakīrti-nirdessa Taishō ( VIMALAKIRTI(B)) p. 539c25-26

  • 禪學大辭典 Zengaku Daijiten An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zen Buddhism ( ZENGAKU) p. 55a

    Syntactic words
  • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: seal of approval (by a master that one is enlightened and part of the lineage); sealed approval; enlightenment certificate; JAP inka; see also 心印 Mind-seal
  • VPtoNbuddhistBUDDH: be approved by a seal (that one is enlightened and part of a lineage)
封泥  fēng ní OC: poŋ niil MC: pi̯oŋ nei 0 AttributionsWD

Fēng ní 封泥 refers to the the piece of mud adhered on a document and impressed with a seal. The mud used for this purpose was worn in special tubes.

    Syntactic words

Existing SW for

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