TOPIC MARKER    話題標記

PARTICLE:MARKER OF TOPIC
T
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Old Chinese Criteria
也 is often used in direct speech and marks the topical use of a familiar subject as in 回也 "German: der Hui".者 in postnominal position is to be construed as npro.post-N "the X that is identical with N" and may then be read as a topic marker.也者 after a topic marks a concept for abstract discursive focus 仁也者 "As for benevolence..."
Hypernym
  • PARTICLE　A WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.] (anc: 12/0, child: 24)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • SOUND　WHAT CAN be HEARD. (anc: 10/0, child: 7)
  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.335.298

    MATIERE.SUJET

    • Words (29 items)

    者  zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 677 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEAs for that which is an N1CH
    • npro.post-N:adSnonreferentialtopic marker: as for this general non-referential subject
    • npro.post-N:adStime At the time N 昔者，古者
    • npro.post-Nab:adSabstract (often terminolocically problematising) topic marker
    • npro.post-Nab:adSprocessprocess topic marker
    • npro.post-Npr:+S{non-narrative}non-narrativeproper name topic marker
    • npro.post-N{NUM}after number word 二者 "the two"
    • npro.post-N{PRED}topic marker (unspecified)
    • npro.post-N{PRED}idealidealising topicaliser
    • npro.post-N{PRED}narrative.predicatetopic marker with narrative sentence
    • npro.post-N{PRED}predicatepostnominal, forming a nominal predicate
    • npro.post-N{PRED}quotationtopicaliser of quotation "...", so-called ""
    • npro.post-N{SUO}particle enclosing the SUO-constructionDS
    • npro.postN:postYǑUexista certain NDS
    • npro.postNpr:postYǑU:.+Va certain person Npr; that person Npr 有顏回者好學
    • npro:post.Npost-V{NUM}after counted N　三家者， 之數物者
    也  yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 189 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadNPab.+V{PRED}topicalised subject markerCH
    • ppostadNPab{S.SUBJ}.postV{PRED}久矣哉由之行詐也"It has been going on for a long time that You has practised deceit": marker of a nominalised sentence that functions as the subject of a preceding verb phraseCH
    • ppostadNPab{S}.+V{PRED}NPab nominalised with 之or 其道之不行也"Given the fact that the Way is not being practised": after a nominalised clause which is used as topic
    • ppostadNpr{PIVOT}使獲也佐吾子
    • ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}回也其庶乎！　after (one or two) personal names: that fellow NN; our friend NN; our friends NN and NN
    • ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}pronominal use賜也樂乎？"Did you enjoy it, Si?": you, my friend Npr; you, our friend Npr
    • ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}topic"I"丘也嘗使於楚矣 "I once was employed in Chu": after personal names referring to the speaker
    • ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.postV{PRED}topic賢哉回也 our friend NN, that fellow NN
    • ppostadN{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}N also SUBJ of V古之愚也直“The stupid in antiquity were straightforward.“ That such a man should suffers such a disease!": postnominal particle, topic marker
    • ppostadN{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}N=nonhu必也 "what is necessary" after topics other than personal names
    • ppostadN{TOP}.+Sas far as N is concerned, it works like this: SLZ
    • ppostadV1.adV2與其奢也寧儉rather than being lavish one should be economic
    • ppostNpr{OBJ}.postVtobject topicaliserpostnominal particle after proper name objects
    則  zé OC: skɯɯɡ MC: tsək 108 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padS.postN{TOP}contrastiveWhen it comes to N, then on the other hand
    • padS.postN{TOP}non-contrastive, topic=timeat the time NCH
    • padV.post-v(adV)contrastive particle after an adverb (e.g. 上則 ... 下則 ...)LZ
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}it is the subject that V-s
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSalthough, even if (< SUBJ may well V, yet still S)LZ
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}contrastivecontrastive particle after subject: 我則不德"it was our party that was less than virtuous"
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}intensitiveintensifying particle after subject: "is indeed" [DS]
    • vt+Ncopulabe, refer to, be the same as, be an equivalent of (as copula often expressing identity)
    也者  yě zhě OC: lalʔ kljaʔ MC: jɣɛ tɕɣɛ 82 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PPpost-Nnot a constituent!道也者“As for that which is (identical with) the Way" marker of topics to be discussed in general abstract terms: as for N as such (Note that the comment is never narrative: one might say that this topic marker, like 夫 has a modal function.)
    • PPpost-Nprtopic marker after proper name
    • PPpost-Nquotation"..."
    若夫  ruò fú OC: njaɡ ba MC: ȵi̯ɐk bi̯o 37 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N{TOP}.+Stopic若夫Ｘ: as far as X is concerned
    夫  fú MC: bju OC: ba 22 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nproadN+Snew topic in non-narrative sentence: As forCH
    • nproadN+S夫...者new topic marker the end of the scope of which ends in 者CH
    • padN.adVV=imperative夫...者 as for N (topic), V being the comment (which may be an imperative etc., and is not in any sense generalising)
    • padV1.adV2夫...者 as for V1 (topic), V2 being the comment
    而  ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • p+N{TOPIC}.adS而今而後adnominal particle marking topic
    • padS.postN{TOP}particle between topic and sentence
    • padV.post-N一日而三失伍 "within one day he managed three times to loose contact with his unit"
    • padV.postN{OBJ}particle between object and predicateLZ
    • padV.postN{OBJ}曾此而不知 "even this they do not understand"LZ
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}particle between subject and predicate
    若  ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 17 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNpron: (new paragraph) as for N,...
    • padVtopicaliseras for acting in such and such way; as for being in such and such situation
    • vt0oN.adStopicAs for N, S
    則是  zé shì OC: skɯɯɡ ɡljeʔ MC: tsək dʑiɛ 14 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PP+N1{PRED}.postN2{SUBJ}resumptive: these N2, this N2; this fact of N2
    • PP+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}as for these N
    及至  jí zhì OC: ɡrɯb kljiɡs MC: gip tɕi 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN.adStopicaliserwhen it comes to the topic N
    只如  zhǐ rú OC: kljeʔ nja MC: tɕiɛ ȵi̯ɤ 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+Sas for N; concerning N (S being the comment to the topic)
    • VPt0oS1.adS2as for S1, concerning S1 (S2 being the comment to the topic)
    至於  zhì yú OC: kljiɡs qa MC: tɕi ʔi̯ɤ 10 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+SWhen it comes to
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+SN=timeas for, as to
    至  zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0.+prep+N(TOPIC):+Stopicwhen it comes to 至於
    • vt0oN.adSwhen it comes to
    • vt0oN.adStopicwhen it comes to (the topic)
    乃至  nǎi zhì OC: nɯɯʔ kljiɡs MC: nəi tɕi 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+Swhen it comes to N it V-s (then one arrives at > often used when shifting the attention to a new topic in a sequence of topics)
    祇如  qí rú OC: ɡe nja MC: giɛ ȵi̯ɤ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+Sas for, what about
    • VPt0oS1.adS2?? as for Nab (the Nab being a nominalized verbal phrase)
    若其  ruò qí OC: njaɡ ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɐk gɨ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadN{TOP}.+Sas for
    逮至  dài zhì OC: ɡ-lɯɯds kljiɡs MC: dəi tɕi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0+N.+SWhen it comes to...; When it came to...
    惟  wéi MC: ywij OC: k-lul 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padN.adSarchaic topic markerCH
    暨  jì MC: gijH OC: ɡrɯds 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padN{TOPIC}As forCH
    至夫  zhì fú OC: kljiɡs ba MC: tɕi bi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN{TOP}.+Swhen it comes to the case of
    若乃  ruò nǎi MC: nyae nojX OC: njaɡ nɯɯʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadN. Sas forCH
    如其  rú qí OC: nja ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɤ gɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadN{TOP}.+Stopicas for
    若是  ruò shì OC: njaɡ ɡljeʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk dʑiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oS1.adS2as for S1, what concerns S1 (S2 being the comment)
    乃  nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • padN.adVwhen it comes to
    及  jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oN.adSwhen it comes to
    若論  ruò lùn OC: njaɡ ɡ-ruuns MC: ȵi̯ɐk luo̝n 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN.adStopicaliserWhen one talks about..., as for
    祇  qí OC: ɡe MC: giɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]+N{TOP}.+Sas for N, S
    也與  yě yú MC: dzyoX yo OC: lalʔ k-la 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPpostadNP{S}.+N{PRED}topic marker of the nominalised topic in a sentence with a nominal predicateCH
    气至  qì zhì OC: khɯds kljiɡs MC: khɨi tɕi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N.adSWhen it comes to (氣=訖)