TOPIC MARKER 話題標記
PARTICLE:MARKER OF TOPIC
T
Modern Chinese Criteria
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Old Chinese Criteria
也 is often used in direct speech and marks the topical use of a familiar subject as in 回也 "German: der Hui".者 in postnominal position is to be construed as npro.post-N "the X that is identical with N" and may then be read as a topic marker.也者 after a topic marks a concept for abstract discursive focus 仁也者 "As for benevolence..."
- SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse
(
GIRARD 1769)
p.
1.335.298 MATIERE.SUJET
Attributions by syntactic funtion
Attributions by text
- 荀子 : 341
- 韓非子 : 174
- 論語 : 133
- 莊子 : 103
- 孟子 : 91
- 淮南子 : 63
- 春秋左傳 : 48
- 說苑 : 35
- 管子 : 31
- 呂氏春秋 : 27
- 祖堂集 : 19
- 史記 : 15
- 臨濟錄 : 15
- 論衡 : 12
- 老子 : 12
- 禮記 : 11
- 韓詩外傳 : 9
- 墨子 : 8
- 孝經 : 8
- 春秋穀梁傳 : 7
- 陸機集十一卷 : 6
- 百喻經 : 5
- 法言 : 5
- 搜神記 : 3
- 孫子 : 3
- 妙法蓮華經 : 3
- 文選 : 2
- 戰國策 : 2
- 晏子春秋 : 2
- 古列女傳 : 2
- 九章算術注 : 2
- 文心雕龍十卷 : 1
- 公孫龍子 : 1
- 列子 : 1
- 王羲之集二卷 : 1
- 阮籍集四卷 : 1
- 太平經 : 1
- 劉義慶世說新語 : 1
- 長短經 : 1
- 賢愚經 : 1
- 鶡冠子 : 1
- 六祖壇經 : 1
- 忠經 : 1
Words
者 zhě OC: kljaʔ MC: tɕɣɛ 663 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- DELETEAs for that which is an N1CH
- npro.post-N:adSnonreferentialtopic marker: as for this general non-referential subject
- npro.post-N:adStime At the time N 昔者，古者
- npro.post-Nab:adSabstract (often terminolocically problematising) topic marker
- npro.post-Nab:adSprocessprocess topic marker
- npro.post-Npr:+S{non-narrative}non-narrativeproper name topic marker
- npro.post-N{NUM}after number word 二者 "the two"
- npro.post-N{PRED}topic marker (unspecified)
- npro.post-N{PRED}idealidealising topicaliser
- npro.post-N{PRED}narrative.predicatetopic marker with narrative sentence
- npro.post-N{PRED}predicatepostnominal, forming a nominal predicate
- npro.post-N{PRED}quotationtopicaliser of quotation "...", so-called ""
- npro.post-N{SUO}particle enclosing the SUO-constructionDS
- npro.postN:postYǑUexista certain NDS
- npro.postNpr:postYǑU:.+Va certain person Npr; that person Npr 有顏回者好學
- npro:post.Npost-V{NUM}after counted N 三家者， 之數物者
也 yě OC: lalʔ MC: jɣɛ 186 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- ppostadNPab.+V{PRED}topicalised subject markerCH
- ppostadNPab{S.SUBJ}.postV{PRED}久矣哉由之行詐也"It has been going on for a long time that You has practised deceit": marker of a nominalised sentence that functions as the subject of a preceding verb phraseCH
- ppostadNPab{S}.+V{PRED}NPab nominalised with 之or 其道之不行也"Given the fact that the Way is not being practised": after a nominalised clause which is used as topic
- ppostadNpr{PIVOT}使獲也佐吾子
- ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}回也其庶乎！ after (one or two) personal names: that fellow NN; our friend NN; our friends NN and NN
- ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}pronominal use賜也樂乎？"Did you enjoy it, Si?": you, my friend Npr; you, our friend Npr
- ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}topic"I"丘也嘗使於楚矣 "I once was employed in Chu": after personal names referring to the speaker
- ppostadNpr{SUBJ}.postV{PRED}topic賢哉回也 our friend NN, that fellow NN
- ppostadN{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}N also SUBJ of V古之愚也直“The stupid in antiquity were straightforward.“ That such a man should suffers such a disease!": postnominal particle, topic marker
- ppostadN{SUBJ}.+V{PRED}N=nonhu必也 "what is necessary" after topics other than personal names
- ppostadN{TOP}.+Sas far as N is concerned, it works like this: SLZ
- ppostadV1.adV2與其奢也寧儉rather than being lavish one should be economic
- ppostNpr{OBJ}.postVtobject topicaliserpostnominal particle after proper name objects
則 zé OC: skɯɯɡ MC: tsək 98 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padS.postN{TOP}contrastiveWhen it comes to N, then on the other hand
- padS.postN{TOP}non-contrastive, topic=timeat the time NCH
- padV.post-v(adV)contrastive particle after an adverb (e.g. 上則 ... 下則 ...)LZ
- padV.postN{SUBJ}it is the subject that V-s
- padV.postN{SUBJ}:adSalthough, even if (< SUBJ may well V, yet still S)LZ
- padV.postN{SUBJ}contrastivecontrastive particle after subject: 我則不德"it was our party that was less than virtuous"
- padV.postN{SUBJ}intensitiveintensifying particle after subject: "is indeed" [DS]
- vt+Ncopulabe, refer to, be the same as, be an equivalent of (as copula often expressing identity)
也者 yě zhě OC: lalʔ kljaʔ MC: jɣɛ tɕɣɛ 82 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PPpost-Nnot a constituent!道也者“As for that which is (identical with) the Way" marker of topics to be discussed in general abstract terms: as for N as such (Note that the comment is never narrative: one might say that this topic marker, like 夫 has a modal function.)
- PPpost-Nprtopic marker after proper name
- PPpost-Nquotation"..."
若夫 ruò fú OC: njaɡ ba MC: ȵi̯ɐk bi̯o 34 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+N{TOP}.+Stopic若夫Ｘ: as far as X is concerned
夫 fú MC: bju OC: ba 20 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- nproadN+Snew topic in non-narrative sentence: As forCH
- nproadN+S夫...者new topic marker the end of the scope of which ends in 者CH
- padN.adVV=imperative夫...者 as for N (topic), V being the comment (which may be an imperative etc., and is not in any sense generalising)
- padV1.adV2夫...者 as for V1 (topic), V2 being the comment
若 ruò OC: njaɡ MC: ȵi̯ɐk 17 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- npro.adNpron: (new paragraph) as for N,...
- padVtopicaliseras for acting in such and such way; as for being in such and such situation
- vt0oN.adStopicAs for N, S
而 ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 16 AttributionsWD
- 古辭辨 Gu ci bian
(
WANG FENGYANG 1993)
p.
591.1
- Syntactic words
- p+N{TOPIC}.adS而今而後adnominal particle marking topic
- padS.postN{TOP}particle between topic and sentence
- padV.post-N一日而三失伍 "within one day he managed three times to loose contact with his unit"
- padV.postN{OBJ}particle between object and predicateLZ
- padV.postN{OBJ}曾此而不知 "even this they do not understand"LZ
- padV.postN{SUBJ}particle between subject and predicate
則是 zé shì OC: skɯɯɡ ɡljeʔ MC: tsək dʑiɛ 14 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- PP+N1{PRED}.postN2{SUBJ}resumptive: these N2, this N2; this fact of N2
- PP+V{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}as for these N
及至 jí zhì OC: ɡrɯb kljiɡs MC: gip tɕi 13 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN.adStopicaliserwhen it comes to the topic N
只如 zhǐ rú OC: kljeʔ nja MC: tɕiɛ ȵi̯ɤ 11 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+Sas for N; concerning N (S being the comment to the topic)
- VPt0oS1.adS2as for S1, concerning S1 (S2 being the comment to the topic)
至於 zhì yú OC: kljiɡs qa MC: tɕi ʔi̯ɤ 10 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+SWhen it comes to
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+SN=timeas for, as to
至 zhì OC: kljiɡs MC: tɕi 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0.+prep+N(TOPIC):+Stopicwhen it comes to 至於
- vt0oN.adSwhen it comes to
- vt0oN.adStopicwhen it comes to (the topic)
乃至 nǎi zhì OC: nɯɯʔ kljiɡs MC: nəi tɕi 8 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+Swhen it comes to N it V-s (then one arrives at > often used when shifting the attention to a new topic in a sequence of topics)
祇如 qí rú OC: ɡe nja MC: giɛ ȵi̯ɤ 7 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+Sas for, what about
- VPt0oS1.adS2?? as for Nab (the Nab being a nominalized verbal phrase)
若其 ruò qí OC: njaɡ ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɐk gɨ 6 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadN{TOP}.+Sas for
逮至 dài zhì OC: ɡ-lɯɯds kljiɡs MC: dəi tɕi 3 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0+N.+SWhen it comes to...; When it came to...
暨 jì MC: gijH OC: ɡrɯdsCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padN{TOPIC}As forCH
惟 wéi MC: ywij OC: k-lulCH 2 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- padN.adSarchaic topic markerCH
及 jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt0oN.adSwhen it comes to
祇 qí OC: ɡe MC: giɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- vt[0]+N{TOP}.+Sas for N, S
如其 rú qí OC: nja ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɤ gɨ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPadN{TOP}.+Stopicas for
至夫 zhì fú OC: kljiɡs ba MC: tɕi bi̯o 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN{TOP}.+Swhen it comes to the case of
若是 ruò shì OC: njaɡ ɡljeʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk dʑiɛ 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oS1.adS2as for S1, what concerns S1 (S2 being the comment)
若論 ruò lùn OC: njaɡ ɡ-ruuns MC: ȵi̯ɐk luo̝n 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt0oN.adStopicaliserWhen one talks about..., as for
乃 nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- padN.adVwhen it comes to
也與 yě yú MC: dzyoX yo OC: lalʔ k-laCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- PPpostadNP{S}.+N{PRED}topic marker of the nominalised topic in a sentence with a nominal predicateCH
若乃 ruò nǎi MC: nyae nojX OC: njaɡ nɯɯʔCH 1 AttributionWD
- Syntactic words
- PPadN. Sas forCH
气至 qì zhì OC: khɯds kljiɡs MC: khɨi tɕi 0 AttributionsWD
- Syntactic words
- VPt+N.adSWhen it comes to (氣=訖)
Existing SW for
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