MONK    出家人

ADULT who is NOT MARRIED AND WORKS ONLY FOR HIS/HER RELIGION.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Sēngjiā 僧加 is the general term referring indifferently to monks of any religion. 2. The general Buddhist word for a monk is sēng 僧, and this word can occasionally refer abstractly to monkhood both of monks and nuns. 3. Héshàng 和尚 is a term of respect which is typically also used as a respectful second person pronoun. 4. Bǐqiū 比丘 is a loan-word from the Sanskrit, and must count as a technical term for a mendicant monk.
Modern Chinese Criteria
出家人 沙門 僧尼 僧人 緇流 浮屠氏 僧徒 僧侶 僧 和尚 比丘 沙彌 道人 行者 衲子 釋子 沙門 僧尼 僧人 緇流 出家人 浮屠氏 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • NUN　FEMALE MONK. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
  • TAOIST　 (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • ADULT　HUMAN who is SUFFICIENTLY OLD to ESTABLISH his/her SEPARATE HOME. (anc: 7/0, child: 20)
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 774

    Moench:

  • Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi ( SINGER 2002) p. 1.16

    • Words (35 items)

    出家  chū jiā OC: khljud kraa MC: tɕhʷit kɣɛ 22 AttributionsWD

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactleaving one's family and becoming a monk
    • NPsubject=humanBUDDH: those who left>renounced home > monk
    • VPadNBUDDH: who has become a monk, who has left home( 出家人 in the 臨濟錄 contrasted with 俗家人 )
    • VPiactBUDDH: leave one's family > renounce one's family, become a monk
    比丘  bǐ qiū OC: piʔ khɯ MC: pi khɨu 17 AttributionsWD

    The skr. term originally means 'mendicant', based on the fact that monks used to live from food offered by lay followers of Buddhism. In contrast to śramaṇera, shāmí 沙彌 'novice', a 比丘 is fully ordained and received the full set of precepts. [CA]

      Syntactic words
    • NP=NprbuddhistBUDDH: the monk Npr; skr. bikṣu
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: Buddhist monk; skr. bikṣu
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: the monks; skr. bikṣu
    • NPbuddhistin negative sense: the (ignorant) monks in general
    • NPpost=NprbuddhistBUDDH: the monk N; skr. bikṣu
    • NPvocativemonks!
    沙門  shā mén OC: sraal mɯɯn MC: ʂɣɛ muo̝n 15 AttributionsWD
    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 701. fn. 2367

      Originally referring tto anyone who in India shaved his head and renounced secular life. In Buddhist texts referring to Buddhist monks.

      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: monk; skr. śramāṇa
    和尚  hé shàng OC: ɡool djaŋs MC: ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 11 AttributionsWD

    The title héshàng 和尚 is attached to nearly all names of Chinese monks appearing in the introductory passage of each biographic entry. The term is originally a translation of skr. updhāya which refers to Buddhist teachers entitled to bestow the precepts on practicioners. According to SOOTHILL it is a general term for 'monk' and the word originally derived from Khotan. In Japan the word has several pronunciations depending of the Buddhist school (Zen: oshoo, Tendai: kashoo, Shingon: washoo; see MULLER); in ZTJ héshàng is attached to the Buddhist name bestowed during the oridination ritual [CA]

      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: senior monk, preceptor, master
    • NPadVBUDDH: as a senior monk
    • NPpost=NprtitleBUDDH: preceptor; Buddhist Master
    • NPvocativeYou, Senior Monk!, Preceptor!
    眾  zhòng OC: tjuŋs MC: tɕuŋ 7 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nccBUDDH: crowd > (individual) member of the assembly of monks/nuns
    • ndefiniteBUDDH or analogous: masses > the assembly of monks/nuns/students (present at a contextually defined place) (sometimes also including other groups present during sermons)
    禪客  chán kè OC: djan khraaɡ MC: dʑiɛn khɣɛk 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: Chán guest > visiting Chán monk; non-resident Chán monk
    僧  sēng OC: sɯɯŋ MC: səŋ 6 AttributionsWD

      Syntactic words
    • nBUDDH: Buddhist monk
    • nabactthe practice of monkhood
    沙彌  shā mí OC: sraal mel MC: ʂɣɛ miɛ 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: novice (having taken the ten commandments, in contrast to bǐqiū 比丘 who received the full set of precepts); skr. śrāmaṇera
    入道  rù dào OC: njub ɡ-luuʔ MC: ȵip dɑu 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactBUDDH: enter the Way > become a Buddhist monk
    老宿  lǎo sù OC: ɡ-ruuʔ suɡ MC: lɑu suk 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: hermit, recluse, honourable monk of advanced age
    道人  dào rén OC: ɡ-luuʔ njin MC: dɑu ȵin 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBuddhist of the true faith
    受業  shòu yè OC: djuʔ ŋab MC: dʑɨu ŋi̯ɐp 4 AttributionsWD

    This refers to the personal initiation of a disciple in the Buddhist teaching by a teacher; shòuyè yuàn 受業院 refers to the temple in which a disciple receives his introduction to the Buddhist practice and shòuyè shī 受業師 (or běnshī 本師) to the initial master of a monk.

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 638a

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 251

    • 禪學大辭典 Zengaku Daijiten An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zen Buddhism ( ZENGAKU) p. 503a

      Syntactic words
    • VPiBUDDH: personally receive the method of teaching of a master > become a novice
    • VPt+prep+NBUDDH: be initiated in the Buddhist teaching from/at
    • VPtoNBUDDH: personally receive the method of teaching of; be initiated in the Buddhist teaching from/at
    眾僧  zhòng sēng OC: tjuŋs sɯɯŋ MC: tɕuŋ səŋ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe community of monks, the sangha
    道  dào OC: ɡ-luuʔ MC: dɑu 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[adN][a person>follower] of the (Buddhist) Way> a Buddhist monk [exocentric construction]
    長老  zhǎng lǎo OC: krlaŋʔ ɡ-ruuʔ MC: ʈi̯ɐŋ lɑu 2 AttributionsWD
    • () p. 6753b, #3

      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: in the Buddhist context originally referring to the major students of Buddha, more generally used as honorary appellation for monks: eminent monk
    • NPpost=NprBUDDH: eminent monk by name of N
    師僧  shī sēng OC: sril sɯɯŋ MC: ʂi səŋ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: distinguished monk [corr. CH]
    受戒  shòu jiè OC: djuʔ krɯɯɡs MC: dʑɨu kɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPichangeBUDDH: receive the [complete set of] monastic precepts > become ordained as full monk/nun
    緇  zī OC: tsrɯ MC: ʈʂɨ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]BUDDH: those who wear black > Buddhist monks
    苾芻  bì chú OC: biɡ tshro MC: bit ʈʂhi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBuddhist monk
    使君  shǐ jūn OC: srɯʔ klun MC: ʂɨ ki̯un 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe prefect
    新戒  xīn jiè OC: siŋ krɯɯɡs MC: sin kɣɛi 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]the one who newly received the precepts > novice, newly ordained monk
    比丘僧  bǐ qiū sēng OC: piʔ khɯ sɯɯŋ MC: pi khɨu səŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPmonks
    老和尚  lǎo hé shàng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ ɡool djaŋs MC: lɑu ɦʷɑ dʑi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: (senior) monks, priests
    僧尼  sēng ní OC: sɯɯŋ nil MC: səŋ ɳi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralmonks and nuns
    禪流  chán liú OC: djan ru MC: dʑiɛn lɨu 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistChán fellow, follower of the Chán sect; Chán monk
    慧命  huì mìng OC: ɢʷeds mɢreŋs MC: ɦei mɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP=NprMonk Npr
    禿奴  tū nú OC: thooɡ naa MC: thuk nuo̝ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatorybald slave (derogatory expression for monks)
    禪和  chán hé OC: djan ɡool MC: dʑiɛn ɦʷɑ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPZen-Buddhist
    頭陀  tóu tuó OC: doo laal MC: du dɑ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: a monk (who has decided to undergo suffering of the toútuó kind)
    二乘  èr shèng OC: njis ɢjɯŋs MC: ȵi ʑɨŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPsubject=humanBUDDH: follower of the Two Vehicles (derogatory expression in Mahāyāna texts for 聲聞 and 緣覺)
    出家兒  chū jiā ér OC: khljud kraa ŋje MC: tɕhʷit kɣɛ ȵiɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: person who left home > monk
    家沙門  jiā shā mén OC: kraa sraal mɯɯn MC: kɣɛ ʂɣɛ muo̝n 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: pseudo-monk who has never really left his family
    僧伽  sēng qié OC: sɯɯŋ ɡal MC: səŋ gʷɑ 0 AttributionsWD

    The term usually refers to ordained monks and nuns, or can also include lay followers. In the later interpretation there is often mention of teh four assemblies (sìzhòng 四眾, skr. catuṣ-pariṣad), consisting of monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen

      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: the community/order of monks (sometimes also including lay-Buddhists); skr. saṃgha (the original meaning of the word is 'group', in the Buddhist context referring to the group of śramaṇa)
    聲聞比丘  shēng wén bǐ qiū OC: qjeŋ mɯn piʔ khɯ MC: ɕiɛŋ mi̯un pi khɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPmonk who have listened to the Buddha
    舊比丘  jiù bǐ qiū OC: ɡus piʔ khɯ MC: gɨu pi khɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPBUDDH: senior monk, resident monk (used in contrast with 客比丘 guest-monk, visiting monk)