BLIND    失明盲

LACK the ABILITY to SEE.
SIGHTLESSUNSIGHTEDVISUALLY IMPAIREDVISIONLESSUNSEEINGPARTIALLY SIGHTEDPURBLIND
Old Chinese Criteria
[[CONGERIES]] 1. Gǔ 瞽 is the standard word for blindness (not necessarily congenital) where a person has eyeballs, but where the eyesight is impaired, some say typically by the eye-lids leaving only a small opening. The word also has figurative meanings. 2. Máng 盲 (ant. míng 明 "endowed with clear sight") became the standard word for blindness, but the word can apparently also refer specifically to colour-blindness in pre-Han times. 3. Méng 矇 / 蒙 refers specifically to blindness as a result of glaucoma, but is also current in generalised meanings referring to reduced vision. 4. Sǒu 瞍 refers ocasionally to blindness which is the result of atrophy or lack of eyeballs (as prototypically in the case of Music Master Kuàng 師曠 ), and this is an ancient elevated word to use. 5. Miǎo 眇 refers to blindness on one eye because of near-sightnedness or strabismus; and in post-Han times the word came to refer to blindness in both eyes. 6. Xuàn 眩 refers to non-congenital blindness, but the word is very often used metaphorically in the sense of "blinded, dazzled". NB: Xiá 瞎 is post-Buddhist, SANGUO.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 BODY 23. 盲，通名，凡目無所見都是盲，引申為雙目失明的總稱。 瞽，失去眼球或眼球下陷後眼球和臉粘合的失明；泛指所有的失明。 蒙，有眸子而無所見。 瞍，無眸子的失明。 眇，本指由於疾病引起一目變小的小目，又隨著病情發展而指半盲、一目盲。 瞎，無眸子失明，口語詞。
Modern Chinese Criteria
瞎 瞎眼 失明 喪明 盲 盲目 盲眼 眇 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Antonym
  • SEEPERCEIVE USING the EYES.
    See also
    • DEAFLACK the ABILITY to HEAR.
    • DEAFLACK the ABILITY to HEAR.
    Hypernym
    • LACK　SITUATION OF NOT HAVING, OR NOT to BEING-IN the UNIVERSE. (anc: 6/0, child: 48)
    • SITUATION　RELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 11)
    • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 4.97

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CAECITAS

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.687

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 794

    瞍，矇，瞽

  • Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages ( DE VAAN 2008) p.

    caecus 'blind, dark, invisible' [adj. o/a] (P1.+)

    Derivatives: caecare 'to make blind' (Lucr.+), caecilia 'the blind-worm' (Col.),

    caecitas 'blindness' (Cic.+), caeculus 'small (and) blind' (Lab.+), caecutire 'to be

    blind, see badly' (Varro+), caecultare 'to be purblind, see badly' (PI., Paul, ex F.).

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 236

    • Words (20 items)

    瞽  gǔ OC: kaaʔ MC: kuo̝ 22 Attributions

    Gǔ 瞽 is the standard word for blindness (not necessarily congenital) where a person has eyeballs, but where the eyesight is impaired, some say typically by the eye-lids leaving only a small opening. The word also has figurative meanings.

      Syntactic words
    • nabdispositionblindness of both eyes, with eyelids almost closed, leaving only a crevice, as the result of trachoma or conjunctivitis
    • nabdispositionpsychological blindness, failure to notice what one should notice
    • v[adN]the blind (specifically those whose eyes have no pupils)
    • vadNblind
    • vibe blind
    • vifigurativeblind > ignorant, ill-informed
    盲  máng OC: mraaŋ MC: mɣaŋ 18 Attributions

    The standard word referring to blindness came to be máng 盲 (ant. míng 明 "endowed with clear sight"), but the word can also refer specifically to colour-blindness in pre-Han times.

      Word relations
    • Inconsist: 視/LOOK The current word for looking at something close in general is shì 視, but the word can also occasionally refer specifically to looking down rather than up. (See also SEE.)
    • Assoc: 愚/STUPID The dominant word is yú 愚 (ant. zhì 智 "clever; wise"), and the word refers to intellectual obtuseness as well as practical ineptitude.
    • Assoc: 聾/DEAF The general word for deafness of any kind, congenital or not, is lóng 聾 (ant. tīng 聽 "able to hear").

      Syntactic words
    • nblindness
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe blind; those who are blind
    • vadNblind
    • vioriginally to be colourblind; after Qin the general term for both eyes being blind
    • vichangeturn blind
    • vtoNcausativecause to be blind > to blind (the eyes)
    眩  xuàn OC: ɡʷeens MC: ɦen 6 Attributions

    Xuàn 眩 refers to non-congenital blindness, but the word is very often used metaphorically in the sense of "dazzled".

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturebad eyesight
    • vibe blinded and insensitive (is really the same as vt-pass)
    • vtoNcausativeto blind, to block the vision of someone
    • vtoNpassivebe blinded (and deceived) by
    • vtoNstativebe blind to
    矇  méng OC: mooŋ MC: muŋ
    蒙  méng OC: mooŋ MC: muŋ 3 Attributions

    Méng 矇 refers specifically to blindness as a result of glaucoma, but is also current in generalised meanings referring to reduced vision.

      Syntactic words
    • nblindness
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe blind
    • viblindness (or loss of sight) as the result of a cataract or glaucoma
    瞽師  gǔ shī OC: kaaʔ sril MC: kuo̝ ʂi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPblind person
    昧  mèi OC: mɯɯds MC: muo̝i 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureblindness
    • v[adN]N=humblind person
    • viblind
    眩耀  xuàn yào MC: hwenH yewH OC: ɡʷeens lewɡs 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfind thoroughly baffling, find blindingCH
    • vtoNcausativecause to be blinded to thingsCH
    眇  miǎo OC: mewʔ MC: miɛu 2 Attributions

    Miǎo 眇 refers to blindness on one eye because of near-sightnedness or strabismus; NB that in post-Han times the word came to refer to blindness on both eyes.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe blind; those who are blind
    • viblind on one eye because of strabismus or near-sightedness; post-Han: blind on both eyes
    • vtoNcausativecause to be blind; to blind
    瞍  sǒu OC: sooʔ MC: su 2 Attributions

    Sǒu 瞍 refers ocasionally to blindness which is the result of atrophy or lack of eyeballs (as prototypically in the case of Music Master Kuàng 師曠), and this is an ancient elevated word to use.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]the blind; the dim-eyed
    • viblindness as the result of atrophy of the eyeball, especially due to softening of the cornea during childhood due to vitamin deficiency
    瞎  xiā OC: qhraad MC: hɣat 2 Attributions

    Xiá 瞎 "blind" is post-Han colloquial, SANGUO.

      Syntactic words
    • vadNblind
    • vadNfigurativeblind > ignorant, dumb
    • vipost-Han, Six Dynasties, colloquial: blindness, mostly of one eye, as the result of a wound on the cornea; after Jin: blind on both eyes
    • vtoNcausativecause to be blind > cheat
    無目  wú mù MC: mju mjuwk OC: ma muɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPi"have no eyes to see"CH
    盲眼  máng yǎn OC: mraaŋ ŋɡrɯɯnʔ MC: mɣaŋ ŋɣɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNblind
    逄蒙  páng méng MC: -- muwng OC: -- mooŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNas if almost blind, indirect, flinching (view)LZ
    矇瞍  méng sǒu OC: mooŋ sooʔ MC: muŋ su 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]nonreferentialthose who have bad eyesight, the blind
    瞽者  gǔ zhě OC: kaaʔ kljaʔ MC: kuo̝ tɕɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPa blind person
    清盲  qīng máng OC: tsheŋ mraaŋ MC: tshiɛŋ mɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP???
    冒  mào OC: muuɡs MC: mɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV(with covered eyes:) blindly
    眄  miǎn OC: mbiinʔ MC: men 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabstativeblindness of one eye as the cause of trachoma
    眊  mào OC: moows MC: mɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vidim-sighted
    瞞  mán OC: mboon MC: mʷɑn 0 Attributions
    • 佛經詞語匯釋 Fójīng cíyǔ huìshì The Translation of the Vocabulary of Buddhist Sūtras ( LI WEIQI 2004) p. 213

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 4/203: 452c23

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 4/203: 453a28

      爾時嫉妒夫人瞞他目者 At that time the jalous wife blinded his eyes

      Syntactic words
    • vilose of sight as the result of conjunctivitis in which eye ball and eye lid have grown together leading to an inability to move the eye
    • vtoNcausativecause to be blind cause to become blind 爾時嫉妒夫人瞞他目者 (T.4/203: 453á8)