GRAIN    穀子穀

CEREAL
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Gǔ 谷 / 穀 is general term for a food grain; in some local dialects, it can also refer to foxtail millet (Setaria italica). 2. Mài 麥 is a general term for wheat, barley, etc. 3. Suì 穗 refers to an ear of grain. 4. Kāng 糠 refers to husks of grain. 5. Suì 穟 refers to an awn. 6. Jǐ 穖 refers to the branches of an awn. 7. Miǎo 秒 refers to the beard of grain. 8. Gǔ 榖 refers to Broussonetia papyrifera (Shi)
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 FOOD 30. 乾糧。 糧，總稱，多指行糧或流通之糧。 餱，上古至魏晉指乾飯、乾食。 糒，乾飯，始於漢。 糗，熬熟搗細的乾糧，未搗者，即是 “ 糒 ” 。諸物皆是外出所持乾糧。 FOOD 24. 糧食作物粟。 禾，最早的稱名，從植株形態而稱。 穀; ，後世作為糧食作物總稱，有時也可縮指 “ 粟 ” ，是方言、地區性用法。 粟，從粒實而稱，最通行稱名。 稷，上古專稱，有崇穀、禮神色彩。 粢，專指作宗廟祭祀的粟食。 FOOD 25. 糧食作物黍類。 黍，俗稱黃米，味美，珍貴於稷，有粘與不粘兩類；黍類總稱。 不粘者稱 “ 穄 ” ，方言中或稱 “[U+2ǎad]” 。 秬、秠，黑黍 —— 上古黍的兩個良種： “ 秬 ” 可與鬱金香草釀酒，作重要的禮儀之物； “ 秠 ” 是大名，其中一穀二米者。 FOOD 26. 糧食作物稻。稻，我國最早的栽培糧食作物之一，總稱。 稌、 ?? ，對稻的方言之稱，一般指粳稻。 秈，不粘之稻，雖早有而不普遍，文獻遲見。 粳，有粘性之稻，秦以後見其名。 秫、糯，是先後表粘性的形容詞，可泛稱粘性強的稻米；大約南宋時才有糯稻并以 “ 糯 ” 稱。 FOOD 27. 粟的優良品種。 粱，具不耐肥、畏濕澇等生態特點，可作粉、釀酒。 秫，粘粟。穈、芑，上古粱的兩個好品種。 高粱，也是我國古老的栽培糧食作物，似粱而高，而其生態特點與粱大異，非貴食細糧，漢以後有 “ 蜀黍 ” 等名，而不稱 “ 高粱 ” 。
Modern Chinese Criteria
穀子 五穀 麥 麥子 小麥 麥 麥子 大麥 春大麥 冬麥 冬小麥 春麥 春小麥 元麥 青稞 稞麥 裸麥 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
    Part of
    See also
    Hypernym
      Other Hypernyms
      • Not defined　 (anc: 2/0, child: 203)
      • PRIME　 (anc: 1/0, child: 2)
      • 　 (anc: 0/0, child: 0)
    • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 8.44

    • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 8.42

    • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 834

    • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 80

    • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 274

    • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 171

    • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. no. 60

    • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 96B

      • Words (38 items)

      穀  gǔ OC: kooɡ MC: kuk
      谷  gǔ OC: klooɡ MC: kuk 22 Attributions

      Gǔ 谷/穀 is general term for a food grain; (in some local dialects, it can also refer to foxtail millet (Setaria italica)).

        Word relations
      • Epithet: 五/FIVE The standard word for "five" is wǔ 五.

        Syntactic words
      • nmgrain; cereal; salary in cereal 榖不可勝食
      • nmpost-V{NUM}varieties of grain'
      五穀  wǔ gǔ OC: ŋaaʔ kooɡ MC: ŋuo̝ kuk 14 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NPmthe five kinds of grain
      麥  mài OC: mrɯɯɡ MC: mɣɛk 10 Attributions

      Mài 麥 is a general term for wheat, barley, etc.

        Syntactic words
      • nmwinter wheat; wheat; dry grain
      禾稼  hé jià OC: ɡool kraas MC: ɦʷɑ kɣɛ 8 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NPmgrain
      粢盛  zī shèng OC: sti djeŋs MC: tsi dʑiɛŋ 6 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NPmgrain for sacrificial use
      稼  jià OC: kraas MC: kɣɛ 6 Attributions

        Syntactic words
      • nmgrain; grain crop
      粢  zī OC: sti MC: tsi 5 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nmgeneral word for grains, especially coarse grain; grain used for sacrificing
      糠  kāng OC: khlaaŋ MC: khɑŋ 3 Attributions

      Kāng 糠 refers to husks of grain.

        Syntactic words
      • nabfigurativehusk
      • nmhusk of grain; bran; chaff
      五種  wǔ zhǒng MC: nguX tsyowngX OC: ŋaaʔ tjoŋʔ 3 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NP=五穀　the five kinds of grain：　稻，黍，麥，菽，稷CH
      粟米  sù mǐ MC: sjowk mejX OC: soɡ miiʔ 2 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NPmgrain of all kindsLZ
      稻粱  dào liáng MC: dawX ljang OC: ɡ-luuʔ k-raŋ 2 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • NPexquisite cereals, representing delicious foodLZ
      秬  jù OC: ɡaʔ MC: gi̯ɤ 2 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nblack millet
      • nmadNmade of black millet
      麰  móu OC: mu MC: mɨu 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • nbarley
      稻梁  dào liáng MC: dawX ljang OC: ɡ-luuʔ k-raŋ 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • NPexquisite cerealsLZ
      胡麻  hú má OC: ɡaa mraal MC: ɦuo̝ mɣɛ 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • NPmsesame seed
      穀米  gǔ mǐ OC: kooɡ miiʔ MC: kuk mei 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • NPmgrain (including rice)
      麰麥  móu mài MC: mjuw meak OC: mu mrɯɯɡ 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • NPmbarleyCH
      稷  jì 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • nmgrain; wheatCH
      穛  zhuō OC: tsreewɡ MC: ʈʂɣɔk 1 Attribution
        Syntactic words
      • nmprematurely cut grain; grain which is cut when still green
      芒  máng OC: maaŋ MC: mɑŋ 0 Attributions

      Máng 芒 refers to an awn on the husk of wheat or rice.

        Syntactic words
      • nbeard of grain
      鞂  jiá OC: kriid MC: kɣɛt 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nstalk of grain ??
      朮  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nglutinous millet
      榖  gǔ OC: kooɡ MC: kuk 0 Attributions

      Gǔ 榖 refers to Broussonetia papyrifera (Shi)

        Syntactic words
      • nmBroussonetia papyrifera
      秅  chá OC: brlaa MC: ɖɣɛ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • na certain number of sheaves of grain (YILI)
      秒  miǎo OC: mewʔ MC: miɛu 0 Attributions

      Miǎo 秒 refers to the beard of grain.

        Syntactic words
      • nbeard of grain
      秸  jiá OC: kriid MC: kɣɛt 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • ngrain stalk
      稈  gǎn OC: kaanʔ MC: kɑn 0 Attributions

      stalk of grain

        Syntactic words
      • nstalk of grain
      稑  lù OC: ɡ-ruɡ MC: luk 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • ngrain sown late and ripening early
      稰  xǔ OC: sqaʔ MC: si̯ɤ
      稰  xū OC: sqa MC: si̯ɤ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nmgrain???
      稺  zhì OC: rlis MC: ɖi 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nmyoung grain
      穅  kāng MC: khang OC: khlaaŋ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nchaff; husks of grain (ZHUANG)
      穎  yǐng OC: ɢʷleŋʔ MC: jiɛŋ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • nouter husk of an ear of grain
      穖  jǐ OC: kɯlʔ MC: kɨi 0 Attributions

      Jǐ 穖 refers to the branches of an awn.

        Syntactic words
      • nstem in an ear of grain
      穗  suì OC: sɢʷids MC: zi 0 Attributions

      Suì 穗 refers to an ear of grain.

        Syntactic words
      • near of grain
      穜  tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • ngrain sown late and ripening early (ZHOULI)
      穟  suì OC: sɢluds MC: zi 0 Attributions

      Suì 穟 refers to an awn.

        Syntactic words
      • near of grain; ripe grain
      粮  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • ngrain (SHUOWEN)
      總  zǒng OC: skooŋʔ MC: tsuŋ 0 Attributions
        Syntactic words
      • ngrain in bundles ??? (SHU)