REINS    馬轡轡

ROPES USED TO STEER HORSES.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The very current general word for reins is pèi 轡, and these are usually made of silk. [The word occurs often in SHIJING and in ZUOZHUAN. The term refers to the reins used to drive a chariot. In Chunqiu times chariot was usually pulled by four horses, so when one excludes two nà 軜 which were not held in the hands (see below), the driver held six reins in the hands. Reins were usually held by both hands, three in each. 2. Jiāng 韁 is colloquial and refers to the reins used for one single horse only. 3. Bà 靶 refers to the reins. The oldest evidence I have found dates from the Han. 4. Nà 軜 refers to the inner reins of the outside horses in a horse team. These were not held in the hands, but instead this they were fixed to the frontal part of a chariot box. The word occurs already in SHIJING. 5. Dí ｄｉ refers in LIJI to the horse reins. 6. Mí (I have not found the character in a list) refers to the rope for leading cattle. 7. Zhèn 紖 is another term for the rope used to lead cattle. 8. Xiè 紲 refers to the rope used to hold a dog.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 COMM 18. 御者通過韁繩，控制馬牛行進的方向和速度。 轡，韁繩常稱。 韁，漢代起口語中之稱。 鞿，側重於被繫縛，多用作動詞。 靶，由勒銜而代稱韁繩。 縻，用來控制駕車之牛的韁繩。 紖，牽牛的韁繩，包括御車之牛的韁繩。 靮，各種繫馬繩的泛稱。 紲，專指繫犬繩；又可泛指拴繫之繩。
Modern Chinese Criteria
馬轡 轡 轡頭 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • ROPE　INTENSELY BIG AND STRONG THREAD. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • THREAD　INTENSELY LONG THIN ARTEFACT PRODUCED USING COTTON, WOOL, SILK ETC, TYPICALLY USED FOR SEWING OR TYING UP THINGS ETC.. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1288

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 241

    • Words (7 items)

    轡  pèi OC: prɯds MC: pi 23 Attributions

    The very current general word for reins is pèi 轡, and these are usually made of silk. [The word occurs often in SHIJING and in ZUOZHUAN. The term refers to the reins used to drive a chariot. In Chunqiu times chariot was usually pulled by four horses, so when one excludes two nà 軜 which were not held in the hands (see below), the driver held six reins in the hands. Reins were usually held by both hands, three in each.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 140, tab. 7-36}

    • () p. {tab. 29}

    • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 219 - 220

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 463 {10-3}

      Syntactic words
    • nreins for any horse
    • nfigurativemeans of control
    靮  dí OC: p-leewɡ MC: tek 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nhorse reins
    紲  xiè OC: sled MC: siɛt 1 Attribution

    Xiè 紲 refers to the rope used to hold a dog.

      Syntactic words
    • npluralreins
    軜  nà OC: nuub MC: nəp 0 Attributions

    Nà 軜refers to the inner reins of the outside horses in a horse team. These were not held in the hands, but instead this they were fixed to the frontal part of a chariot box. The word occurs already in SHIJING.

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 441

      Syntactic words
    • ninner reins of the outside horses in a team of four horses which is not held in the hand
    靶  bà OC: praas MC: pɣɛ 0 Attributions

    Bà 靶 refers to the reins. The oldest evidence I have found dates from the Han.

      Syntactic words
    • nreins used to control horses
    韁  jiāng OC: kaŋ MC: ki̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Jiāng 韁 is colloquial and refers to the reins used for one single horse only.

      Syntactic words
    • ncolloaquial, Han: reins for a single horse
    紖  zhèn OC: rliŋʔ MC: ɖin 0 Attributions

    Zhèn 紖is another term for the rope used to lead cattle.

      Syntactic words