HAMMER    槌子鍛

TOOL which has a HEAVY METAL PART USED TO BEAT, BREAK, OR to CAUSE NAILS to ENTER TIMBER ETC..
MALLETBEETLEGAVELSLEDGEHAMMERJACKHAMMER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Duàn 鍛 refers to the forging, and also to some kind of implement used in forging metal; probably mentioned already in SHIJING. According to some opinions, it can also refer to an anvil or to a whetstone. It should be noted that evidence for both duàn 鍛 and duàn 段 is rather slight, and it is quite difficult to establish to what kind of implement these words actually refers. From the fact that the implement could be used to forge metal we can deduce that its head was made of some kind of hard material; perhaps stone in archaic times. Duàn 段 is another way of writing duàn 鍛; according to the KAOGONGJI chapter of the ZHOULI, it was used in forging metal. 2. Chuí 椎 refers to the mallet which was used to beat something. According to WANG (1993: 230) it was originally the wooden stick with one very thick end; but it seems that at least in the Han period the word can refer to the mallet with metal head which was also used as a weapon at the time. 3. Chuí 錘 refers to the sledge-hammer, perhaps mostly with a metal (iron) head. The word originally referred to the weight, and only later the term began to be used for a hammer (the oldest evidence I have found is from the Eastern Han). It can also refer to the same kind of weapon like chuí 椎. 4. Chuí 鎚 refers to the hammer, mostly with an iron head, and it seems to be the term prededing chuí 錘. 5. Chuí 槌 refers to the beating by the use of a mallet-like object, and also to the mallet (perhaps made of wood??); it mainly refers to the mallet to beat drums. 6. Chuí 棰 refers to the mallet or to the stick. See also BELL. 7. Yōu 耰 refers to a wooden mallet used to break pieces of earth. This implement is relatively often referred to in the texts of the Chunqiu and Warring States period. It is not known from archaeological finds (for being made of wood), but there are pictorial presentations in hand. NB: It is difficult to distinguish between chuí 椎, chuí 鎚, and chuí 錘. To the hammers with iron heads known from the Warring States and Han period can be attributed any or all of these terms; but more probably the former two, since the last one seems to be later.
Modern Chinese Criteria
錘 錘子 榔頭 槌 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hypernym
  • TOOL　ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR USE USING a DEFINED METHOD. (anc: 5/0, child: 53)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.49

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 215

    Hammer:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 754

    Hammer:

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.407

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 100B

    • Words (7 items)

    椎  chuí OC: ɡrlul MC: ɖi 9 Attributions

    Chuí 椎 refers to the mallet which was used to beat something. According to WANG (1993: 230) it was originally the wooden stick with one very thick end; but it seems that at least in the Han period the word can refer to the mallet with metal head which was also used as a weapon at the time. NB: It is difficult to distinguish between chuí 椎, chuí 鎚, and chuí 錘. To the hammers with iron heads known from the Warring States and Han period can be attributed each of these terms; probably the former two, since the last one seems to be later.

    • 楚文物圖典 Chu wenwu tudian ( CHU 2000) p. {pp. 218??}

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 124, tab. 6-75, 6-76??}

    • () p. 24, 128 - 130 {7-1 - 7-3}

    • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 230

      Syntactic words
    • nmallet, cudgel; sledgehammer
    鍛  duàn OC: toons MC: tʷɑn 2 Attributions

    Duàn 鍛 refers to the forging, and also to some kind of implement used in forging metal; probably mentioned already in SHIJING. According to some opinions, it can also refer to an anvil or to a whetstone. It should be note that evidence for both duàn 鍛 and duàn 段 is rather slight, and it is quite difficult to establish to what kind of implement these words actually refer. From the fact that the implement could be used to forger metal we can deduce that its head was made of some kind of hard material; perhaps stone in archaic times. Duàn 段is another, probably more archaic, term for duàn 鍛; according to the KAOGONGJI chapter of the ZHOULI, it was used in forging metal.

      Syntactic words
    • nhammer
    耰  yōu OC: qu MC: ʔɨu 0 Attributions

    Yōu 耰 refers to a wooden mallet used to break pieces of earth. This implement is relatively often referred to in the texts of the Chunqiu and Warring States period. It is not known from archaeological finds (for being made of wood), but there are pictorial presentations in hand.

      Syntactic words
    錘  chuí OC: dol MC: ɖiɛ 0 Attributions

    Chuí 錘refers to the sledge-hammer, perhaps mostly with a metal (iron) head. The word originally referred to the weight, and only later the term began to be used for a hammer (the oldest evidence I have found is from the Eastern Han). It can also refer to the same kind of weapon like chuí 椎. NB: It is difficult to distinguish between chuí 椎, chuí 鎚, and chuí 錘. To the hammers with iron heads known from the Warring States and Han period (ill.:CHU 2000: pp. 218; HAYASHI 1976: pp. 124, tab. 6-75; SUN 1991: 7-1 - 7-3) can be attributed each of these terms; probably the former two, since the last one seems to be later. NB: It is difficult to distinguish between chuí 椎, chuí 鎚, and chuí 錘. To the hammers with iron heads known from the Warring States and Han period can be attributed each of these terms; probably the former two, since the last one seems to be later.

    • () p. 28 - 130

      Syntactic words
    • nsledge-hammer
    鎚  chuí OC: ɡrlul MC: ɖi 0 Attributions

    Chuí 鎚 refers to the hammer, mostly with an iron head, and it seems to be the term predecessing chuí 錘.

      Syntactic words
    • nhammer
    棰  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    Chuí 棰 refers to the mallet or to the stick. See also BELL.

      Syntactic words
    • nmallet
    段  duàn OC: doons MC: dʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Duàn 鍛 refers to the forging, and also to some kind of implement used in forging metal; probably mentioned already in SHIJING. According to some opinions, it can also refer to an anvil or to a whetstone. It should be note that evidence for both duàn 鍛 and duàn 段 is rather slight, and it is quite difficult to establish to what kind of implement these words actually refer. From the fact that the implement could be used to forger metal we can deduce that its head was made of some kind of hard material; perhaps stone in archaic times. Duàn 段is another, probably more archaic, term for duàn 鍛; according to the KAOGONGJI chapter of the ZHOULI, it was used in forging metal.

    • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 557

    • 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism ( YANG WEIZHONG 2000) p. 58 - 59

      Syntactic words
    • nhammer (ZHOULI)