MONEY    錢錢

STANDARD SYSTEM of ARTEFACTS, PRODUCED CONFORMING to a LAW, AND USED EVERYWHERE IN A SOCIETY, CONFORMING to DEFINED RULES, to EXCHANGE ALL OTHER THINGS for.
COINCASHHARD CASHREADY MONEYTHE MEANSTHE WHEREWITHALFUNDSCAPITALFINANCES(FILTHY) LUCRECOINSCHANGESPECIESILVERCURRENCYBILLS(BANK) NOTESINFORMAL DOUGHBREADBUCKSLOOTGREENBACKSMOOLADINEROSHEKELSMAZUMA
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Probably the most current term for money is qián 錢, but the word became current only in Han times. The word originally referred to the agricultural implement similar to or identical with bù 布 (see below). In the Warring States period, the term was together with bù 布 used for spade-like coins. Later, it began to refer to round money casted by the Qin dynasty, and in Han times it became a current general word for money. 2. Bì 幣 referred originally to the silk which could be used for sacrifice or as a gift. In the Warring States period, the term refer to precious things (jades, horses) often used as a gift. In Han times, the word was used like a general term for money. 3. Dāo bù 刀布 could be used like a general term for money in the Warring States period. 4. Bù 布 refers to the bronze coins cast in the shape of bù 布 (spade-like implement in ancient China). The earliest exemplars (of remarkably large size and with hollow handle) are known from the states of Jin and Zhou and dates from the end of the sixth century B.C.. During the following Warring States period, this type of coin (usually with a flat handle) was in use particularly in the states of Wei, Han and Zhao, but also in Chu. The coins were usually inscribed with the name of a state or city where they were cast. After Qin unification, bù 布 came out of use, but they were revived for a short time during the reign of the Wang Mang's Xin dynasty. 5. Dāo 刀 refers to the bronze knife-like coins. They came into use slightly later than bù 布 coins, and were cast particularly in the eastern states of Yan, Qi, but also Zhao. Some exemplars survived till the early Han dynasty; later, shape-like coins were revived for two years (7 - 9 A.D.) by Wang Mang. These knife-like coins from the end of the Western Han dynasty were called cuò dāo 錯刀. 6. Bèi 貝 originally referred to the cauri shells which were in Shang and Western Zhou times used like primitive money or like a gift. For this purpose, they were joined to péng 朋, consisting of two strings of shells, five pieces each. In the Warring States period, the word also referred to the bronze coins in the shape of cauri which were in use in the state of Chu. 7. Huán 圜 refers to the round coin with a square hole in a centre which was cast by the states of Qin and Zhou. After Qin unification, it became general currency for a whole empire. 8. Yuán 爰 refers to the rectangular pieces of gold which were used like money in the state of Chu. It is the earliest golden currency in China. 9. Bàn liǎng 半兩 refers to the round coin with a central square hole which was for the first time cast by the state of Qin in the late Warring States period and which was then in use till the second half of the second century B.C.. The coin should weight half of liǎng 兩 (i.e. 12 zhū 銖 ), and this weight was recorded in an inscription on the coin; hence the name. In fact, coins of this type known from Qin and early Han times are of very various height; in early Han times, most current were coins weighting four zhu 銖. 10. Wǔ zhū 五銖 refers to a round coin with a square hole weighting five zhū 銖 which was for the first time cast under Emperor Wudi in 118 B.C. and was then in use during the whole Han dynasty (with a short break about the time of Wang Mang's reign). 11. Mǎ tí 馬蹄, lù tí 鹿蹄, huán tí 圜蹄, and lín zhǐ 麟趾 are various terms referring to the pieces of gold formed into the shape of horse's, deer's, or qí lín's 麒麟 hoof. This kind of currency was in use under the Han dynasty. 12. Dà quán 大泉, xiǎo quán 小泉, zhuāng quán 壯泉, xuán quán 玄泉 are all round coins of various size dating from Wang Mang's reign. 13. Pí bì 皮幣 refers to the money made of deer skin which were in use in the reign of Emperor Wudi (141 - 87 B.C.).
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 TRADE 6. 龜，傳說中我國夏代的貨幣，王莽第三次幣制改革時曾作為幣材之一。 貝，夏商時期的貨幣。 刀，春秋戰國時期流通於齊、燕、趙等國的刀形金屬鑄幣。 布，作為貨幣的布帛或流通於殷商後期、西周初期至戰國時期的鏟形金屬鑄幣。 金，特指黃金，戰國秦漢時通行於上層統治階級的最重要的貨幣。 錢，中間有孔的圓形金屬鑄幣，也作貨幣的通稱，口語詞。 貨，用於商品交換的貨幣； 幣，戰國秦漢以來貨幣的通稱，書面語。 TRADE 7. 貫，串錢貝的繩子的總稱。 緡，細小的串錢絲繩，始於漢代。 繈，較粗大的串錢絲繩。 TRADE 8. 貫，漢代以來千枚為一串的錢，口語詞；多作量詞。 緡，同貫，書面語；多泛指錢。 繈，指民間私藏的成串的錢。
Modern Chinese Criteria
貨幣 錢幣 錢刀 泉幣 泉布 通貨 錢鈔 銀兩 錢 幣 圓 元 楮 (obs) refers to paper money. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • SALARY　MONEY GIVEN to someone who WORKS for his/her WORK. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • EXPENSE　MONEY used for a certain purpose. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • PRICE　MONEY one MUST GIVE to BUY something. (anc: 6/0, child: 2)
  • TAX　MONEY CONFISCATED FROM CITIZENS by the OFFICIALS of the GOVERNMENT, CONFORMING to a LAW. (anc: 6/0, child: 1)
  • DEBT　MONEY OWED. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
See also
  • PAYGIVE as a PRICE for something.
Hypernym
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.43

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 11.44

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 608

    PECUNIA res vendendi et emendi instrumentum publicum. tria in se habeat necesse. 1. Materiam pretiosam (aurum vel argentum) 2. Valoris pretium assignatum. 3. authoritatem publicam, Magistratus summi charactere signatam (sive sit imago cum inscriptione, sive inscriptio nuda).

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    MONEY

    pecunia refers to meney as a collective mass term.

    nummus refers to an indiviual piece of money, in reference to its value.

    moneta refers to a coin in reference to its coinage and appearance.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 776

    Muenzen:

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 147

  • “孟子”同義詞研究 ( MENGZI TONGYI 2002) p. 269

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.479

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.713

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 156-61

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 89

  • Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography ( ROBERTS 1998) p. 615

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 118A

    • Words (35 items)

    錢  qián OC: dzen MC: dziɛn 10 Attributions

    Probably the most current term for money is qián 錢, but the word became current only in Han times. The word originally referred to the agricultural implement similar to or identical with bù 布 (see below). In the Warring States period, the term was together with bù 布 used for spade-like coins. Later, it began to refer to round money casted by the Qin dynasty, and in Han times it became a current general word for money.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmoney
    • nccash; unit of currency 半錢
    • nc-V{NUM}money in NUM amountDS
    金  jīn OC: krɯm MC: kim 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmoney, cashCH
    • npost-V{NUM}cash
    幣  bì OC: beds MC: biɛi 7 Attributions

    Bì 幣 referred originally to the silk which could be used for sacrifice or as a gift. In the Warring States period, the term refer to precious things (jades, horses) often used as a gift. In Han times, the word was used like a general term for money.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 寶/PRECIOUS The current general word for objective preciousness and real high value and importance is bǎo 寶 (ant. zhuì 贅 "trifles"), and this word often has abstract figurative meanings "what one treasures as most important in one's life".

      Syntactic words
    • nsilk used as currency; money
    金錢  jīn qián OC: krɯm dzen MC: kim dziɛn 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPccoin
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialmoney
    鎰  yì OC: k-liɡ MC: jit
    溢  yì OC: k-liɡ MC: jit 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.adN20 liǎng 兩 of cashLZ
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.post-Nclassifier20 liǎng 兩 of cash, a tael
    刀布  dāo bù OC: k-laaw paas MC: tɑu puo̝ 3 Attributions

    Dāo bù 刀布 could be used like a general term for money in the Warring States period.

      Syntactic words
    • NPmoney
    帑  tǎng OC: nʰaaŋʔ MC: thɑŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncash and goods
    本  běn OC: pɯɯnʔ MC: puo̝n 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.

      Syntactic words
    • nbasic capital; capital input
    半兩  bàn liǎng OC: paans raŋʔ MC: pʷɑn li̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions

    Bàn liǎng 半兩 refers to the round coin with a central square hole which was for the first time cast by the state of Qin in the late Warring States period and which was then in use till the second half of the second century B.C.. The coin should weight half of liǎng 兩 (i.e. 12 zhū 銖), and this weight was recorded in an inscription on the coin; hence the name. In fact, coins of this type known from Qin and early Han times are of very various height; in early Han times, most current were coins weighting four zhu 銖.

    • () p. 80 - 82 {21-1 - 21-4}

      Syntactic words
    • NPround coin with hole in middle
    贐  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 1 Attribution

    jìn

      Syntactic words
    • nmmoney for travel expenses
    錢分  qián fēn OC: dzen pɯn MC: dziɛn pi̯un 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmoney
    錢帛  qián bó OC: dzen braaɡ MC: dziɛn bɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmcoins and silk> money
    兼金  jiān jīn OC: kleem krɯm MC: kem kim 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmaccording to 趙歧: gold of high quality which is twice as precious as the ordinary gold.
    厚幣  hòu bì OC: ɡooʔ beds MC: ɦu biɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVwith a large amound of money, using a large amount of money as a gift
    貝  bèi OC: paads MC: pɑi 0 Attributions

    Bèi 貝 originally referred to the cauri shells which were in Shang and Western Zhou times used like primitive money or like a gift. For this purpose, they were joined to péng 朋, consisting of two strings of shells, five pieces each. In the Warring States period, the word also referred to the bronze coins in the shape of cauri which were in use in the state of Chu.

      Syntactic words
    • ncowrie shell; cowrie shells used as cash
    小泉  xiǎo quán OC: smewʔ dzon MC: siɛu dziɛn 0 Attributions

    Dà quán 大 泉, xiǎo quán 小泉, zhuāng quán 壯泉, xuán quán 玄泉 are all round coins of various size dating from Wang Mang's reign.

    • () p. 84 - 86 {21-16 - 21-27, 22-14 - 22-24}

      Syntactic words
    • NPcoinage current in Han times (Wang Mang)
    五銖  wǔ zhū OC: ŋaaʔ djo MC: ŋuo̝ dʑi̯o 0 Attributions

    Wǔ zhū 五 銖 refers to a round coin with a square hole weighting five zhū 銖 which was for the first time cast under Emperor Wudi in 118 B.C. and was then in use during the whole Han dynasty (with a short break about the time of Wang Mang's reign).

    • () p. 81 - 83 {21-12, 21-13}

      Syntactic words
    圜蹄  huán tí OC: ɡʷraan ɡ-lee MC: ɦɣan dei 0 Attributions

    Mǎ tí 馬蹄, lù tí 鹿蹄, huán tí 圜蹄, and lín zhǐ 麟 趾 are various terms referring to the pieces of gold formed into the shape of horse's, deer's, or qí lín's 麒 麟 hoof. This kind of currency was in use under the Han dynasty.

    • () p. 83 - 84 {21-9, 21-10}

      Syntactic words
    • NPgold coin in the form of a foot used in Han times
    馬蹄  mǎ tí OC: mraaʔ ɡ-lee MC: mɣɛ dei 0 Attributions

    Mǎ tí 馬蹄, lù tí 鹿蹄, huán tí 圜蹄, and lín zhǐ 麟 趾 are various terms referring to the pieces of gold formed into the shape of horse's, deer's, or qí lín's 麒 麟 hoof. This kind of currency was in use under the Han dynasty.

    • () p. 83 - 84 {21-9, 21-10}

      Syntactic words
    • NPgold coin in the form of a horse's foot used in Han times
    錢幣  qián bì OC: dzen beds MC: dziɛn biɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmoney
    壯泉  zhuàng quán OC: skraŋs dzon MC: ʈʂi̯ɐŋ dziɛn 0 Attributions

    Dà quán 大 泉, xiǎo quán 小泉, zhuàng quán 壯泉, xuán quán 玄泉 are all round coins of various size dating from Wang Mang's reign.

    • () p. 84 - 86 {21-16 - 21-27, 22-14 - 22-24}

      Syntactic words
    • NPmcoinage current in Han times (Wang Mang)
    大泉  dà quán OC: daads dzon MC: dɑi dziɛn 0 Attributions

    Dà quán 大 泉, xiǎo quán 小泉, zhuāng quán 壯泉, xuán quán 玄泉 are all round coins of various size dating from Wang Mang's reign.

    • () p. 84 - 86 {21-16 - 21-27 22-14 - 22-24}

      Syntactic words
    • NPcoinage current in Han times (Wang Mang)
    皮幣  pí bì OC: bral beds MC: biɛ biɛi 0 Attributions

    Pí bì 皮幣 refers to the money made of deer skin which were in use in the reign of Emperor Wudi (141 - 87 B.C.).

      Syntactic words
    • NPleather currency in use in Han Wudi's times
    鹿蹄  lù tí OC: b-rooɡ ɡ-lee MC: luk dei 0 Attributions

    Mǎ tí 馬蹄, lù tí 鹿蹄, huán tí 圜蹄, and lín zhǐ 麟 趾 are various terms referring to the pieces of gold formed into the shape of horse's, deer's, or qí lín's 麒 麟 hoof. This kind of currency was in use under the Han dynasty.

    • () p. 83 - 84 {21-9, 21-10}

      Syntactic words
    • NPgold coin in the form of a deer's foot used in Han times
    麟趾  lín zhǐ OC: rin kljɯʔ MC: lin tɕɨ 0 Attributions

    Mǎ tí 馬蹄, lù tí 鹿蹄, huán tí 圜蹄, and lín zhǐ 麟 趾 are various terms referring to the pieces of gold formed into the shape of horse's, deer's, or qí lín's 麒 麟 hoof. This kind of currency was in use under the Han dynasty.

    • () p. 83 - 84 {21-9, 21-10}

      Syntactic words
    • NPgold in in the form of a foot of a fabulous animal used in Han times
    刀  dāo OC: k-laaw MC: tɑu 0 Attributions

    Dāo 刀 refers to the bronze knife-like coins. They came into use slightly later than bù 布 coins, and were cast particularly in the eastern states of Yan, Qi, but also Zhao. Some exemplars survived till the early Han dynasty; later, shape-like coins were revived for two years (7 - 9 A.D.) by Wang Mang. These knife-like coins from the end of the Western Han dynasty were called cuò dāo 錯 刀.

      Syntactic words
    • nknife; knife used as cash
    圜  yuán OC: ɢʷen MC: ɦiɛn 0 Attributions

    Huán 圜 refers to the round coin with a square hole in a centre which was cast by the states of Qin and Zhou. After Qin unification, it became general currency for a whole empire.

      Syntactic words
    • nmetal ring; metal ring used as cash, with hole in the middle
    孔  kǒng OC: khooŋʔ MC: khuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSong dynasty: coin with hole in the middle
    布  bù OC: paas MC: puo̝ 0 Attributions

    Bù 布 refers to the bronze coins cast in the shape of bù 布 (spade-like implement in ancient China). The earliest exemplars (of remarkably large size and with hollow handle) are known from the states of Jin and Zhou and dates from the end of the sixth century B.C.. During the following Warring States period, this type of coin (usually with a flat handle) was in use particularly in the states of Wei, Han and Zhao, but also in Chu. The coins were usually inscribed with the name of a state or city where they were cast. After Qin unification, bù 布 came out of use, but they were revived for a short time during the reign of the Wang Mang's Xin dynasty.

      Syntactic words
    • nspade copper coins
    帛  bó OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nccroll of silk used as money/cash
    文  wén OC: mɯn MC: mi̯un 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(inscribed) small coin
    玄泉  xuán quán OC: ɡʷeen dzon MC: ɦen dziɛn 0 Attributions

    Dà quán 大 泉, xiǎo quán 小泉, zhuāng quán 壯泉, xuán quán 玄泉 are all round coins of various size dating from Wang Mang's reign.

    • () p. 84 - 86{21-16 - 21-27, 22-14 - 22-24}

    • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 715.2

      Syntactic words
    • NPcoinage current in Han times (Wang Mang)
    泉  quán OC: dzon MC: dziɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncoin; money
    爰  yuán OC: ɢʷan MC: ɦi̯ɐn 0 Attributions

    Yuán 爰 refers to the rectangular pieces of gold which were used like money in the state of Chu. It is the earliest golden currency in China.

      Syntactic words
    • npiece of gold used in the state of Chǔ as currency
    珧  yáo OC: k-lew MC: jiɛu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclam shell