THEREFORE 所以
ASSUMING that the PRECEDING SENTENCE is TRUE [GRAMMAR]
CONSEQUENTLYSOAS A RESULTHENCETHUSACCORDINGLYFOR THAT REASONERGOTHAT BEING THE CASEON THAT ACCOUNTFORMAL WHENCEARCHAIC WHEREFORE
Modern Chinese Criteria
因此
因而
所以
於是
故此
故而
從而
故
用
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／ LU JIANMING
Old Chinese Criteria
1. 故 is by far the most general Chinese word for THEREFORE, and in the interpretation of the word it is always important to find the semantic scope of the word, i.e. the "reason" or "cause" the particle refers back to. [It is important to distinguish between the pregnant use of 故 THEREFORE from the "bleached" use of 故 THUS "along these lines". 2. 是故 is the most common compound word in this synonym group (for which 故 alone may be regarded to be a short form). But 是故 rarely has "bleached" uses and must generally refer to either subjective motivation or objective causation.3. 是以 "because of this" almost as common, and seems to me more common as indicating a subjective cause than a concrete causal relation. 4. 然則 "given this, then" is argumentative and limited to abstract discussion contexts.2. 是以 is also frequent but the word seems to refer to subjective motivations and purposes in especially many important cases.5.以此觀之 and 由是觀之 "viewed against this background" are explicitly theoretical in an almost didactic mode.6. 故曰 "therefore it is said" typically refers to a helpful relevant and explanatory quotation, often independently known, but it can also refer to the author's expressed opinion elsewhere in the context, and to an emphatic conclusion drawn in an argument.
Hypernym
- PARTICLE A WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.] (anc: 12/0, child: 24)
- WORD SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
- SOUND WHAT CAN be HEARD. (anc: 10/0, child: 7)
ENTAILMENT
C'EST POURQUOI.AINSI
Words (43 items)
是故 shì gù OC: ɡljeʔ kaas MC: dʑiɛ kuo̝ 211 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2objective reasonthis being so; for this objective reason: therefore
- PPadS1.postS2subjectivethis being the motivation for this subjective reason: therefore (non-narrative)
- PPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}parenthetic: this being so; therefore
故 gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 157 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabpost-.vtoS以...以鹽美故 "because the salt was particulalry savoury"CH
- nadN{PRED.S1}.post-S2noun modifying a predicative N that functions as a sentence S1, that whole construction preceded and modified by another sentence S2CH
- nadS1.post-S2generalisingThis being so, more generally:CH
- nadS1.postS2mathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
- nadS1.postS2objective reasonthe result is; consequently
- nadS1.postS2subjective reasonfor this subjective reason, therefore, consequently
- nadV.postN{SUBJ}:post-Stherefore; thus; and similarly [new paragraph]; the point is thusNOTE: the syntax is nadV.postS
- npostN1{SUBJ}.+N2{PRED}:post-Sas a result, consequently 臣故食之
是以 shì yǐ OC: ɡljeʔ k-lɯʔ MC: dʑiɛ jɨ 152 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2bleachedThus (with no clear logical connection with what precedes...)
- PPadS1.postS2objectivethus it was: as a result; for this objective reason
- PPadS1.postS2subjectivesubjective motivation: thus it was; on these grounds; for that subjective reason; that is why, thus
- PPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}the N thus V-s
則 zé OC: skɯɯɡ MC: tsək 42 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadS1.post-S2so, so that; and so
遂 suì OC: sɢluds MC: zi 35 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadVeventually as a result; and so in the end, and in the event; and then, thereupon, subsequently; eventually, in the event
故曰 gù yuē OC: kaas ɢʷad MC: kuo̝ ɦi̯ɐt 30 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPt S1.post-S2standardly: therefore it is said; therefore one must conclude; occasionally: therefore I say
- VPt S1.post-S2Therefore I have maintained; therefore I maintain (as indicated above)CH
- VPt+S1.post-S2therefore one must conclude; thus is has to be saidCH
於是 yú shì OC: qa ɡljeʔ MC: ʔi̯ɤ dʑiɛ 27 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2so therefore; for this reason, and thus, and so
- VPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:postSN therefore VERBed
因 yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 23 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadS1.post-S2subjective motivationand, accordingly,....; therefore
- vt(+N.)adV1:postV2because of V2ing, the subject V1ed> therefore
- vt(+N1.)adV{PRED}:postN2{SUBJ}:the subject N2 for reason N1 V-ed
- vt(oN.)adV:postN[SU]::postSthus, therefore
而 ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 18 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padS1.post-S2and (sometimes, though rarely, between nominal sentences)
- padS1.postS2resultand as a resultLZ
- padV1.postV2resultand as a result
所以 suǒ yǐ OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ 17 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP-Sthe reason why S is the case
- NPadS1.adS2therefore,
- NPadS1.postS2S2, therefore S1
則是 zé shì OC: skɯɯɡ ɡljeʔ MC: tsək dʑiɛ 15 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2And then in such a way; Since S2, then/therefore S1; Thus
今夫 jīn fú OC: krɯm ba MC: kim bi̯o 12 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadSSnow generally speaking
以是 yǐ shì OC: k-lɯʔ ɡljeʔ MC: jɨ dʑiɛ 11 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2conj: on the basis of this (subjective) judgment or subjectively appreciated reason; by this method
- VPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:postSsubjectiveon these subjective grounds; by this method
是 shì OC: ɡljeʔ MC: dʑiɛ 10 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- npro.adS1:postS2thus, and so; in this way; and so it was that
於是乎 yú shì hū OC: qa ɡljeʔ ɢaa MC: ʔi̯ɤ dʑiɛ ɦuo̝ 9 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2and therefore
- VPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:postSN thus/therefore VERBed.
用 yòng OC: k-loŋs MC: ji̯oŋ 7 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vt(oN.)adV:postN[SU]::postSin conformity with the contextually determinate conditions N (should perhaps be moved to THEREFORE)
- vt0(oN).adS1:postS2therefore, thus
乃 nǎi OC: nɯɯʔ MC: nəi 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padV.(postN{SUBJ}:)post-Stherefore; that is to sayDS
- padV.postN{SUBJ}:post-Stherefore; that is to say
是用 shì yòng OC: ɡljeʔ k-loŋs MC: dʑiɛ ji̯oŋ 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2therefore
- VPadV{PRED}.postN{SUBJ}:postSdialect variant of 是以?
由是之故 yóu shì zhī gù OC: liw ɡljeʔ kljɯ kaas MC: jɨu dʑiɛ tɕɨ kuo̝ 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2therefore
以 yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- DELETE(toV) so that S
- vt(oN.)adVon the basis of the contextually determinate N to V
由此觀之 yóu cǐ guān zhī MC: yuw tshjeX kwan tsyi OC: liw tsheʔ koon kljɯ 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.post-S2From this it becomes clearCH
- VPadS1.post-S2factiveFrom this it becomes clear..., Looking at things from this perspective...CH
以故 yǐ gù OC: k-lɯʔ kaas MC: jɨ kuo̝ 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- +VPpostS1.adS2+subjective reason: thereforeCH
- VPpostS1.adS2therefore
故知 gù zhī OC: kaas te MC: kuo̝ ʈiɛ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPtoS1.postS2thus one understands> therefore
此以 cǐ yǐ OC: tsheʔ k-lɯʔ MC: tshiɛ jɨ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2occasionally in bamboo strip Warring States texts (Guodian, Ziyi): therefore
斯 sī OC: sqe MC: siɛ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padS1.post-S2that is why
焉 yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- ppostadSas a result
以此 yǐ cǐ OC: k-lɯʔ tsheʔ MC: jɨ tshiɛ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2objectivetherefore
- VPadS1.postS2subjectivetherefore
肆 sì OC: plils MC: si 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padS1.post-S2ThereforeCH
便故 biàn gù OC: bens kaas MC: biɛn kuo̝ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPadS1.postS2then; therefore
故夫 gù fú MC: kuH bju OC: kaas ba 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2ThereforeCH
遂便 suì biàn OC: sɢluds bens MC: zi biɛn 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2therefore; and so
為是 wèi shì MC: hjweH dzyeX OC: ɢʷals ɡljeʔ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPadS.post-SSIf given this situation (in SS) one thenCH
以是之故 yǐ shì zhī gù OC: k-lɯʔ ɡljeʔ kljɯ kaas MC: jɨ dʑiɛ tɕɨ kuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2Therefore
反 fǎn OC: panʔ MC: pi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vadVin turn; as a result of previous action???? ??????
因即 yīn jí OC: qin tsɯɡ MC: ʔin tsɨk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPadStherefore, thus
必 bì MC: pjit OC: piɡ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- vadS1.post-S2therefore most certainlyCH
因此 yīn cǐ MC: 'jin tshjeX OC: qin tsheʔ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.post-S2for this subjective reasonCH
由是觀之 yóu shì guān zhī MC: yuw dzyeX kwan tsyi OC: liw ɡljeʔ koon kljɯ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.post-S2From this perspective; From this point of view; Against this background; This showsCH
以此觀之 yǐ cǐ guān zhī OC: k-lɯʔ tsheʔ koon kljɯ MC: jɨ tshiɛ kʷɑn tɕɨ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2thus, from this point of view; therefore
故然 gù rán OC: kaas njen MC: kuo̝ ȵiɛn 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadS1.postS2therefore
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vadS1.post-S2therefore most certainyCH
Click here to add pinyin MC: OC: 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.post-S2From this perspective; ThereforeCH
由是而觀 yóu shì ér guān OC: liw ɡljeʔ njɯ koon MC: jɨu dʑiɛ ȵɨ kʷɑn 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- VPadS1.postS2therefore