RULERS OF CHU  楚君主

BIOGRAPHIES:
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    楚靈王  chǔ líng wáng OC: skhraʔ reeŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ leŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊圍  xióng wéi OC: ɢum ɢul MC: ɦuŋ ɦɨi
    熊虔  xióng qián OC: ɢum ɡren MC: ɦuŋ giɛn 2 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Líng Wáng 楚靈王 (r. 540 - 529), second son of King Gong of Chu 楚共王, also referred to, before his accession to the throne, as Prince Wei of Chu 楚王子圍, became King Ling when he strangled the ruling king, his brother, to succeed him. [SJ 31.1459. 35.1567] He became a much-feared military leader and an important organiser of diplomatic alliances. In 538 he lead a meeting of feudal lords and launched a major attack on the state of Wu in the couse of which he managed to kill the the powerful >Qing Feng 慶封, thus asserting his political ascendancy. [ZUO Zhao 4. LSCQ 22.1] In 530 he killed Duke Ling of Cai 蔡靈公 destroyed the state of Cai. His military aggressiveness made him many enemies. In 529 his younger brother >Qi Ji 棄疾, the later King Ping of Chu 楚平王 (r. 528-516) killed the heir apparent Zi Lu子祿 and suggested another younger brother Bi 比 as the successor.  King Ling fled into the mountains and later committed suicide in the home of a supporter. (ZUO Zhao 13).  The dramatic story of King Ling’s life is told chronologically, and with rich narrative gusto in SJ 40.1703 -1708. [Fang Zhaohui 2002: 657-676] Father of >Chǔ Píng wáng 楚平王
    楚昭王  chǔ zhāo wáng OC: skhraʔ kljew ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ tɕiɛu ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊珍  xióng zhēn OC: ɢum k-lɯn MC: ɦuŋ ʈin
    熊抮  xióng xiǎn OC: ɢum qhlɯɯnʔ MC: ɦuŋ hen 2 AttributionsWD
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    • NPadNpropernameof King Zhao of ChuDS
    • NPprhumanChŭ Zhāo Wáng 楚昭王 (r. 515 - 489) was less than ten years old when he succeeded his father >King Ping of Chu 楚平王 (r. 528-516). When the state of Wu invaded Chu in 506 and entered the capital, King Zhao had to flee and was injured in the process. He regained his capital a year later. He is very well attested in the early sources because of his supposed interest in Confucius. His supporter Shen Baoxu 申包胥 begged Qin for military help. When this was refused he went to the Qin palace and wailed there continuously for seven days. Shen Baoxu is celebrated in SJ 40 for refusing any reward for his extreme loyal effort. In the end, Duke Ai of Qin 秦哀公 sent troops and defeated Wu. ZHUANG 28 has the story of a butcher who followed Duke Zhao on his flight. HSWZ 2.14 reports on King Zhao’s loyal minister Shi She 石奢. LNZ 4.10 praises his chaste wife Jiang 姜. Another wife of his is praised in LNZ 5.4. King Zhao died of a sudden illness in one of the interminable conflicts with the state of Wu in 489 as he was coming to the rescue his ally, the state of Chen 陳. Even on his deathbed he is said to have carefully avoided breaking with traditional ritual. Confucius is reported to have commended him for this: 「楚昭王通大道矣。其不失國，宜哉！」SY 17.15, basing itself on the same source as does SJ 47.1932, claims that Duke Zhao intended to invite Confucius to take over the reins of government, but that >Zi Xi 子西 successfully argued against this. [ZUO Ai 6, HSWZ 3, SY 1.29. See also SY 1.30]　PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Píng wáng 楚平王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Huì wáng 楚惠王
    靈王  líng wáng OC: reeŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: leŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 2 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprsee 楚靈王STANDARD NAME: King Líng of Chǔ (reigned 540 - 529)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Xióngwéi 熊圍, Xióngqián 熊虔 PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Gòng wáng 楚共王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Píng wáng 楚平王
    楚共王  chǔ gōng wáng OC: skhraʔ koŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ki̯oŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊審  xióng shěn OC: ɢum qhjɯmʔ MC: ɦuŋ ɕim
    箴  zhēn OC: kjum MC: tɕim 1 AttributionWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Gōng Wáng 楚共王 (601-560, r. 590-560), son of King Zhuang of Chu 楚莊王, acceded to the throne at the age of ten, and the affairs of government were taken care of for him by Zi Zhong 子重. In 585 his important dignitary Xi Gong 析公 left him to serve his arch enemy, the state of Jin晉. In 579 he signed an important peace treaty with his military arch enemy, the state of Jin. In 575 he suffered an ignominious defeat at the hands of Jin in the battle of Yanling 鄢陵 when he was shot with an arrow  in the eye, according to the account in SJ 40.1703. As a result of this heavy defeat, Chu entered a phase of reduced power. In the 18th year of his reign he joined the state of Zheng in a major successful attack on Song where he left behind 300 war chariot to keep control over the territory of which he had gained control, thus cutting off the immediate links between the states of Wu and of Jin. He had five sons Zi Zhao 子招, >Zi Yu 子圉 (who became King Ling of Chu when he assassinated the ruling king in 540), Zi Gan 子干, Zi Xi 子晳, and >Qi Ji 棄疾. [LH 9.11] The bloodbath surrounding King Gong’s succession is described in lurid detail in SJ 40.1709.　Father of >Chǔ Kāng wáng 楚康王, >Chǔ Líng wáng 楚靈王
    楚莊王  chǔ zhuāng wáng OC: skhraʔ skraŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ʈʂi̯ɐŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊侶  xióng lǚ OC: ɢum ɡ-raʔ MC: ɦuŋ li̯ɤ
    顏王  yán wáng OC: ŋraan ɢʷaŋ MC: ŋɣan ɦi̯ɐŋ
    荊莊王  jīng zhuāng wáng OC: kreŋ skraŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: kɣaŋ ʈʂi̯ɐŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Zhuāng Wáng 楚莊王 (r. 613 -591), son of King Mu of Chu 楚穆王, was celebrated as one of the Five Hegemons of the Warring States period. [BHT 2 no 15] To begin with he had to contend with two brothers for the throne, Prince Xie 公子燮 and Zi Yi 子儀. [ZUOWen 14] In 611 Chu suffered a great famine which allowed surrounding states to make inroads into Chu territory. With time King Zhuang became an extremely powerful military leader who became famous for no less than fourteen large-scale successful military campaigns against surrounding states. Although he was never formally acknowledged as a leader of the feudal lords in his life-time, his military successes were many and astounding. It is often pointed out that he used the very capable >Sunshu Ao 孫叔敖 (late 7th – early 6th centuries) as his prime minister, [HNZ 9.10b, 16.20b, 18.28a] who was said to have established a legal system for his southern state, and to have carried out a comprehensive re-organisation of the armed forces. The states of Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng all came to pledge allegiance to Chu. HNZ is much preoccupied with this king and reports conversations of him on various matters of governance and warfare. We are informed even on his semi-barbarian habits of dressing. [HNZ 11.9a, 14.3b] Even the loss of his pet monkey is described in detail, since he had a whole forest cut down to retrieve the beast. [HNZ 16.8b] In 490 King Zhuang fell ill while engaged on a military campaign, not without passing on his throne to one of a set of ceremonially reluctant princes. [ZUO Wen 14 mentions his accession to the throne, and ZUO Xuan 18 gives an account of his death and this important early source is much less talkative about Duke Zhuang than later sources like HNZ. HSWZ 2.1 portrays him at war, HSWZ 2.4 at audience, HSWZ 3.8 his death with dramatic care, adding Confucius’s comment that Duke Zhuang deserved to become a hegemon. [Fang Zhaohui 2002: 226-242]　PARENTS: Son of >ChǔMù wáng 楚穆王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Gòngwáng 楚共王
    楚成王  chǔ chéng wáng OC: skhraʔ djeŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ dʑiɛŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊惲  xióng yǔn OC: ɢum qunʔ MC: ɦuŋ ʔi̯un 1 AttributionWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Chéng Wáng 楚成王 (r. 671- 626), a younger son of King Wen of Chu 楚文王 (689-685), murdered his elder brother King Duao of Chu 楚王堵敖 (676-672) in order gain the throne but began his career with a long series of popular and generous measures to gain the support of his people. was attacked by >Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公 in 656. Duke Huan accused him of having failed to pay his tribute to the royal house of Zhou 周. In the years that follow King Cheng launched a long series of attacks against minor states. In 639 he even went so far as to capture King Xiang of Song 宋襄王 (650-637) who had ambitions to succed Duke Huan of Qi as the hegemon, but he set him free after having humiliated him. In 637 he laid on a lavish reception for the Chong Er 重耳, the future >Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公. In 633 King Cheng joined an alliance to attack Qi as well as Song and ends up establishing himself as the leading personality among the Warring States. In the 46th year of his reign he tried to disinherit his crown prince but was in turn attacked by the latter and was forced to strangle himself in 626. Thus his son continued the tradition of his father by committing regicide in order to ascend the throne. King Cheng’s career may be followed in detail in ZUO. [ZUO passim; LSCQ 19.3 and 24.3]
    楚厲王  chù lì wáng MC: tsrhjoX ljejH hjwang OC: skhras b-rads ɢʷaŋCH 1 AttributionWD
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    • NPprKing Lì of Chǔ 楚厲王 is a Western Zhou time figure who comes up twice in HF, but who is not mentioned elsewhere in our main historical sources concerning the period. It has been surmised that the name may be a posthumous appellation for King Fenmao of Chu 楚蚡冒王 (reigned 757 -740). But this adds little to our understanding of the HF text.CH
    楚考烈王  chǔ kǎo liè wáng OC: skhraʔ khuuʔ b-red ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ khɑu liɛt ɦi̯ɐŋ
    元  yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprStandard Name: King KǎoLiè of Chǔ 楚考烈王 (Reigned 262-238)Personal Name: Yuán 元 Unger no. 288
    楚康王  chǔ kāng wáng OC: skhraʔ khlaaŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ khɑŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ
    昭  zhāo OC: kljew MC: tɕiɛu
    招  zhāo OC: kljew MC: tɕiɛu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: King Kāng of Chǔ (reigned 559 - 545)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Zhāo 昭 / 招 PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Gòng wáng 楚共王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: -
    楚懷王  chǔ huái wáng OC: skhraʔ ɡruul ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ɦɣɛi ɦi̯ɐŋ
    槐  huái OC: ɡruul MC: ɦɣɛi
    槐  huí OC: ɡuul MC: ɦuo̝i 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprPersonal Name: Huái 槐 Chŭ Huái Wáng 楚懷王 (r. 328 - 299), son of King Wei of Chu 楚威王, launched a successful military campaign which gained him 8 municipal cities early on, in 323. In 311 he suffered an ignominious defeat at Danyang 丹陽 in which he is said to have lost as many as 70 armed men. In 308 King Zhao of Qin 秦昭王 (r. 306 – 251) exchanged crown princes as hostages with King Huai and as a symbolic gestures returned to Chu some territories previously annexed from Chu. In 303 he created an alliance with Qin involving the exchange of the crown princes as hostages and the return of certain lands that had been lost in the many previous wars. But three years later Qin combined forces with the northern states of Qi, Han and Wei 魏 to attack Chu, two of whose senior generals were killed in two successive campaigns. In 299, >King Zhao of Qin 秦昭王 invited King Huai to Qin to arrange an alliance by intermarriage between the two countries. King Huai feared a trap, the poet Qu Yuan is said to have advised against the arrangement, but in the end King Huai went to Qin. Once in Qin he had his return route cut off and died during his involuntary continued stay in Qin. [SJ 40.1720; ZGC passim]　Unger no. 216
    楚哀王  chǔ āi wáng OC: skhraʔ qɯɯl ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ʔəi ɦi̯ɐŋ
    郝  hǎo OC: qhaaɡ MC: hɑk
    猶  yóu OC: k-lu MC: jɨu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprStandard Name: King Aī of Chǔ. Unger no. 19 (Floruit 228)Personal Name: Hǎo 郝 or Yóu 猶
    楚穆王  chǔ mù wáng OC: skhraʔ muɡ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ muk ɦi̯ɐŋ
    商臣  shāng chén OC: qhjaŋ ɡjiŋ MC: ɕi̯ɐŋ dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanKing Mu of Chu 楚穆王 (r. 625 - 614) ,whose personal name was Shāng Chén 商臣, was the eldest son of Chu Cheng Wang 楚成王 (r. 671 - 626). He became King of Chu by forcing his father to commit suicide in 625, thus preventing the appointment of >Prince Zhí of Chŭ 楚公子職  who was Shāng Chén's 商臣 younger brother by a different mother. In 618 he launched a successful campaign against the states of Zheng 鄭and Chen 陳, and in the same year he found it necessary to kill two rebellious dignitaries in Chu, >Zi Xi 子西 and Zi Jia 子家. SJ 40.1699 provides a breathlessly brief chronological survey of the military events in his reign. ZUO does not mention him anywhere. He was succeeded by his son Lü 侶 who became King Zhuang of Chu 楚莊王 (r. 613-591). Father of >Chǔ Zhuāngwáng 楚莊王
    若敖  ruò áo OC: njaɡ ŋoow MC: ȵi̯ɐk ŋɑu
    熊儀  xióng yí OC: ɢum ŋral MC: ɦuŋ ŋiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprStandard Name: Ruò Áo 若敖 (Ruled 790-764) Alternative Name: Xióng Yí 熊儀 Unger no. 258
    楚惠王  chǔ huì wáng OC: skhraʔ ɢʷiids ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ɦei ɦi̯ɐŋ
    熊章  xióng zhāng OC: ɢum kjaŋ MC: ɦuŋ tɕi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: King Huì of Chǔ (reigned 488 - 432)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Xióngzhāng 熊章 PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Zhāo wáng 楚昭王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Jiǎn wáng 楚簡王
    楚堵敖  chǔ dǔ áo OC: skhraʔ k-laaʔ ŋoow MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ tuo̝ ŋɑu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: Dǔ Áo of Chǔ (reigned 676 - 675)
    楚威王  chǔ wēi wáng OC: skhraʔ qul ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ʔɨi ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprSTANDARD NAME: King Wēi of Chǔ (reigned 339 - 329)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Xióngshāng PARENTS: WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Yān Zhāo wáng 燕昭王
    楚宣王  chǔ xuān wáng OC: skhraʔ sqon ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ siɛn ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprKing Xuān of Chǔ (reigned 369 - 340)ALTERNATIVE NAME: PARENTS: WIVES: CHILDREN:
    楚平王  chǔ píng wáng OC: skhraʔ breŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ bɣaŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Píng Wáng 楚平王 (r. 528 - 516) was the fifth son of >King Gong of Chu 楚共王. Having ascended the throne through a long series of murderous intrigues he followed the standard policy of 施惠寬民 “generosity and lenience towards the people”, declared even a moratorium of military campaigns abroad for a period of five years. He gave back independence to a large number of small polities that had been conquered by his more belligerent predecessors. In many of his inevitable battles against the neighbouring state of Wu he was unsuccessful. Later, in a symbolic political act, he obtained a wife from Qin for his eldest son, but he grew so desperately fond of her that he took her over as his own consort. Listening to advice from >Fei Wuji 費無極 he had the heir apparent’s official tutor Wu She >伍奢 (as well as two of Wu’s sons) killed. >Wu Zixu 伍子胥 managed seek refuge in the state of Wu 吳. Ten years after King Ping’s death Wu Zixu lead the forces of the state of Wu to besiege the capital of Chu. He unearthed King Ping’s body, and had King Ping’s remains flogged in public. [Fang Zhaohui 2002: 754-767] Father of >Chǔ Zhāo wáng 楚昭王
    楚幽王  chǔ yōu wáng OC: skhraʔ qriw ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ʔi̯u ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprKing Yōu of Chǔ (reigned 237 - 228)
    楚悼王  chǔ dào wáng OC: skhraʔ deewɡs ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ dɑu ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Dào Wáng 楚悼王 (r. 401 - 381), whose personal name was Yi 疑, ascended the throne with great popular support after the tragic death of his father King Sheng of Chu 楚聲王 (r. 407-401) in 401. In 391 he suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the three successor states of the state of Jin 晉, Han, Wei 魏, and Zhao 趙. He managed to employ the famous military specialist >Wu Qi 吳起 (440-381) as his prime minister, introduced legal reforms to strengthen his political control, [SJ 79.2423, 65.2167] and continued to wage war both towards the northern and the southern neighbours, thus expanding the territory of his state.　Father of >Chǔ Sù wáng 楚肅王
    楚文王  chǔ wén wáng OC: skhraʔ mɯn ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ mi̯un ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Wén Wáng 楚文王 (r. 689 – 675) was the son of King Wu of Chu 楚武王 and it was under his reign that the capital of Chu was moved to Ying 郢. He is also known his use of the 板築法 method of fortification. He managed to greatly expand the territory controlled by the state of Chu. In 684 he invaded the state of Cai 蔡 and captured the Duke of Qi who recommended to him Xi Gui 息妫 as the most beautiful woman in the world. King Wen promptly attacked the state of Xi, captured Xi Gui, married her. He did have to sons by her. King Wen was the third king to whom >Mr He 和氏 presented his famous jade, and he was the one who accepted the offer. On the occasion he is said to have issued a law: “盗所隐器，与盗同罪。”. SY 14.16 reports on King Wen’s campaign against Deng 鄧 in 678, in which he employed two of his sons. In 675 he died having contracted an illness. He had suffered a series of disappointing military campaigns and died outside his country. His loyal aide, Yu Quan 鬻拳, committed loyal suicide to follow his master into his grave. HNZ 9 reports that King Wen liked to sport fancy hats 獬冠. SY 1.34 reports a conversation on his sickbed. [ZUO Zhuang 6, 10, Xi 7; SY 15.3]　Father of >Chǔ Chéng wáng 楚成王
    楚武王  chǔ wǔ wáng OC: skhraʔ mbaʔ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ mi̯o ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanChŭ Wŭ Wáng 楚武王 (r. 740 – 690) came to the throne as a Marquis of Chu 楚侯 by murdering his elder brother Fen Mao 蚡冒 in 740. He was the son of Xiao Ao 霄敖 (763-758). In 704 he convened a large gathering of eleven minor southern states, and he punished the only two other states who had refused to accept the invitation. Upon this occasion he declared himself King of Chu, thus challenging the monopoly of the Zhou of the title of king. As King of Chu he conducted a long series military campaigns building up the territory and power of his state, his important advisers and generals being Qu Xia 屈瑕 and Mo Ao 莫敖. He died, suddenly having been taken seriously ill on the battlefield, sitting under a tree. His story is dramatised in SJ 40. [ZUO Huan 6, Zhuang 4, Zhuang 18] 张正明 ．楚史 ：湖北教育出版社 ，1995 ：79 ．Father of >Chǔ Wén wáng 楚文王
    楚簡王  chǔ jiǎn wáng OC: skhraʔ kreenʔ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ kɣɛn ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: King Jiǎn of Chǔ (reigned 431 - 408)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Zhōng 中, Zhòng 仲 PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Huì wáng 楚惠王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Shēng wáng 楚聲王
    楚聲王  chǔ shēng wáng OC: skhraʔ qjeŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ɕiɛŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: King Shēng of Chǔ (reigned 407 - 402)ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Xióngdāng 熊當 PARENTS: Son of >Chǔ Jiǎn wáng 楚簡王 WIVES:?CHILDREN: Father of >Chǔ Dào wáng 楚悼王
    楚肅王  chǔ sù wáng OC: skhraʔ sɯwɡ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ suk ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprKing Sù of Chǔ (reigned 380 - 370)ALTERNATIVE NAME: PARENTS: WIVES: CHILDREN:
    楚若敖  chǔ ruò áo OC: skhraʔ njaɡ ŋoow MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ȵi̯ɐk ŋɑu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: Ruò Áo of Chǔ (reigned 790 - 764)
    楚蚡冒  chǔ fén mào OC: skhraʔ bɯn muuɡs MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ bi̯un mɑu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: Fěn Mào of Chǔ (reigned 757 - 741)
    楚郟敖  chǔ jiá áo OC: skhraʔ kreeb ŋoow MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ kɣɛp ŋɑu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: Jiá Áo of Chǔ (reigned 544 - 541)
    楚霄敖  chǔ xiāo áo OC: skhraʔ smew ŋoow MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ siɛu ŋɑu 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprhumanSTANDARD NAME: Xiāo Áo of Chǔ (reigned 763 - 758)
    楚孝烈王  chǔ xiào liè wáng OC: skhraʔ qhruus b-red ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ hɣɛu liɛt ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
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    • NPprKing Xiàoliè of Chǔ (reigned 262 - 238)
    楚王負芻  chǔ wáng fù chú OC: skhraʔ ɢʷaŋ bɯʔ tshro MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ ɦi̯ɐŋ bɨu ʈʂhi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPprKing Fùchú of Chǔ (reigned 227 - 223) Unger no. 108
    楚頃襄王  chǔ qǐng xiāng wáng OC: skhraʔ khʷleŋʔ snaŋ ɢʷaŋ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ khiɛŋ si̯ɐŋ ɦi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPprChŭ Qĭngxiāng Wáng 楚頃襄王 (r. 298 - 263) is often referred to as King Xiang of Chu 楚襄王. He acceded to the throne as the son of >King Huai of Chu 楚懷王 (r. 328 - 299). As a boy he served as a hostage to the enemy state of Qin. After King Huai was captured by the state of Qin in 299, his son was put on the throne in his place. When Qin learnt of the appointment they launched another attack on Chu, taking 16 cities and killing 50 000 men from Chu. Throughout his reign, King Xiang suffered an unending series of thoroughly humiliating invasions by Qin, including the destruction of his capital and the desecration of the ancestral tombs of the royal house. King Qingxiang was criticised for a luxurious life style. The story goes that the poet Qu Yuan 屈原 protested publicly when King Qingxiang was about to accept the treacherous offer by Qin of a beautiful lady as a gift. (See Hawkes 1962 for discussion on this narrative tradition.) King Qingxiang’s death is dramatised under the year 263 in Zizhitongjian 資治通鑑, an account based on SJ 40.

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