SLAVE    奴隸　奴婢

INTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard general word for a dependent low-status servant or slave is nú 奴, and this word became quite currrent in Han times. 2. Yì 役 tends to focus on the hard labour involved. 3. Lǔ 虜 focusses prototypically on the prisoner-origins of a slave. 4. Lì 隸 refers to slaves in an administrative bureaucratic way, and prototypically these menial workers are in public employment, being thus of higher status than mere shepherds or stable-boys in the countryside. 5. Zānghuò 臧獲 is the standard exampe of the name of a slave. Slavery and servant-hood not always easy to distinguish, and this is for very interesting social reasons. A scheme for the place of menials in the status system is systematised in a crucial ZUO Zhao 7 passage: 故王臣公，公臣大夫，大夫臣士，士臣皁，皁臣輿，輿臣隸，隸臣僚，僚臣僕，僕臣臺。 馬有圉，牛有牧，
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN AFFAIRS 48. 早期奴僕。 奴，總稱，特指男奴。 臧，方言中男奴賤稱，特指逃亡的男奴。 隸，俘虜及其親屬或罪人所充當之官奴。 仆，隨從主人者。 臣，因罪而成的家內男奴。 虜，生產奴隸。 宰，因罪而淪落者，在宮廷或貴族家中負責某項事務，有較高的地位。 婢，女奴的通稱。 獲，方言中女奴的賤稱，亦指逃亡的女奴。 妾，供奴隸主享樂的性奴。 奚，官奴中為主人釀製飲料的女奴，有時泛指小有才智的女奴。
Modern Chinese Criteria
奴隸 農奴 囊生 朗生 娃子 陪台 陪隸 蒼頭奴 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • RULERHUMAN GOVERNS a GROUP OR a TERRITORY.[[HERRSCHER]]
See also
  • WORKERADULT EMPLOYED by the GOVERNMENT OR by ENTREPRENEURS to WORK FOR them.[[ARBEITER]]
  • BARBARIANHUMAN who is NOT CHINESE.
  • LABOURFORCED WORK that CAUSES one to BECOME TIRED.[[ARBEIT]]
  • LEADCONTROL so as to CAUSE TO FOLLOW OR OBEY oneself.
Hypernym
  • SERVANT　HUMBLE ASSISTANT in a HOME or OFFICE. (anc: 10/0, child: 3)
  • ASSISTANT　OFFICIAL who is EMPLOYED TO SERVE OR HELP ANOTHER MORE SENIOR OFFICIAL. (anc: 9/0, child: 1)
  • OFFICIAL　ADULT who WORKS IN a PUBLIC OFFICE OR IN A PUBLIC FUNCTION. (anc: 8/0, child: 12)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.42

  • Semantica del Griego Antiguo ( HERNANDEZ 2000) p. 44.185

  • Bezeichnungen fuer Sklaven Soziale Typenbegriffe. ( KAESTNER 1981) p. 282ff

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 77

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.632

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 9.976

    SKLAVEREI

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 132-135

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 3.499-541

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 28

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.191

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    • Words (68 items)

    隸  lì OC: ɡ-rɯɯds MC: lei 21 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmenial worker employed in a government office; generally: menial subjects, menials
    • n(post-N)a slave of a certain grade (among the slaves) ZUOCH
    • vadNvulgar, uncivilised self-deprecatory 隸臣　your vulgar servantCH
    • vt+prep+Nbe a slave to N
    • vtoNserve as slave to
    奴  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 18 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nslave (of either sex); enslaved male (often a foreign prisoner or a criminal)
    • nad.VtoNreference=objectas a slave 奴養,
    • nadNcharacterised by slaveryDS
    • nadVreference=subject(serve etc) like a slave SHIJI: 奴事之耳
    • nfigurativethe slavish
    • vichangebecome a slave, make oneself into a slave
    虜  lǔ OC: ɡ-raaʔ MC: luo̝ 10 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 貴/NOBLE Guì 貴 (ant. jiàn 賤 "of low character") adds to the notion of high social status that of subjectively appreciated nobility of character. [HIGH-DEGREE], [PERSONAL], [SUBJECTIVE]

      Syntactic words
    • nwork-slave (who was often a foreigner and/or prisoner)
    • nabactbeing taken prisoner and made into a slave
    奴婢  nú bì OC: naa beʔ MC: nuo̝ biɛ 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfemale slave
    役  yì OC: ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛk 8 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactcorvee labour
    • npost-NN's slave
    • nt"slave": subservient element, something in a subservient position vis-a-vis something else
    • vt+prep+Npassivebe enslaved by NLZ
    • vtoNattitudinaltreat as mere slaves
    • vtoNcausativecause to be enslaved> enslave
    • vtoNcausativepassive: be/get enslaved
    • vtoNreflexive.身cause to be a slave, enslave (oneself) 役身
    隸人  lì rén OC: ɡ-rɯɯds njin MC: lei ȵin 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial government employee; menial servant; person of very low status (not necessarily adult)
    帑  tǎng OC: nʰaaŋʔ MC: thɑŋ
    孥  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nread nú captured slave; household slaves
    僮僕  tóng pú OC: dooŋ booɡ MC: duŋ buk 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave servant; servant
    • NPfigurative"slave", "servant"
    徒隸  tú lì OC: daa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: duo̝ lei 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNof the slavish type
    • NPpluralslaves; conscript labour
    屬役  shǔ yì OC: djoɡ ɢʷleɡ MC: dʑi̯ok jiɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialhumble employees and slaves of all kinds
    人奴  rén nú OC: njin naa MC: ȵin nuo̝ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1adN2}nonreferentiala slave of others> a slave
    役夫  yì fū OC: ɢʷleɡ pa MC: jiɛk pi̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPact.pejorativescoundrel; good-for-nothing;
    徭役  yáo yì OC: k-lew ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛu jiɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialcorvee labour force
    氓隸  méng lì OC: mraaŋ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: mɣɛŋ lei 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial agricultural worker> agricultural slave?
    • NPadNof the menial agricultural labourer kind
    輿隸  yú lì OC: k-la ɡ-rɯɯds MC: ji̯ɤ lei 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralcartmen and menials; perhaps also: cartmen menials
    田僮  tián tóng OC: ɡ-liiŋ dooŋ MC: den duŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPagricultural slave
    隸屬  lì shǔ OC: ɡ-rɯɯds djoɡ MC: lei dʑi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial worker slaves
    人隸  rén lì OC: njin ɡ-rɯɯds MC: ȵin lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialslave
    奴僕  nú pú OC: naa booɡ MC: nuo̝ buk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialslave servant> humble slave See 賤至奴僕
    奴僮  nú tóng OC: naa dooŋ MC: nuo̝ duŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave boy
    僮奴  tóng nú OC: dooŋ naa MC: duŋ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialboy slaves
    門隸  mén lì OC: mɯɯn ɡ-rɯɯds MC: muo̝n lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial gatekeeper
    家隸  jiā lì OC: kraa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: kɣɛ lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold slave; menial household servant
    奴役  nú yì OC: naa ɢʷleɡ MC: nuo̝ jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialslave servant
    庸奴  yōng nú OC: k-loŋ naa MC: ji̯oŋ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPworker slave
    奴虜  nú lǔ OC: naa ɡ-raaʔ MC: nuo̝ luo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVreference=objectlike slaves or prisoners
    役使  yì shǐ OC: ɢʷleɡ srɯʔ MC: jiɛk ʂɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPplurallow-status employees> slave servants
    僕隸  pú lì OC: booɡ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: buk lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmenial servant
    人役  rén yì OC: njin ɢʷleɡ MC: ȵin jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave of men
    家僮  jiā tóng OC: kraa dooŋ MC: kɣɛ duŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdomestic slave
    徒奴  tú nú OC: daa naa MC: duo̝ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPconvict slave
    皂隸  zào lì OC: dzuuʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: dzɑu lei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold menial; menial servant to a non-official; artisanal???
    家奴  jiā nú OC: kraa naa MC: kɣɛ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold slave
    童  tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ
    僮  tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nfrom Qin times onwards, SJ: private household slave servant
    臧  zāng OC: skaaŋ MC: tsɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nZZ, XUN, fangyan: offspring from slaves
    驅口  qū kǒu OC: kho khooʔ MC: khi̯o khu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPYuan Dynasty: slave
    罪隸  zuì lì OC: sbuulʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: dzuo̝i lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdependents of a criminal who were forced to serve officials as their slaves
    阿哈  ā hà OC: qlaal MC: ʔɑ ŋəp 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold slave (Manchu)
    驅奴  qū nú OC: kho naa MC: khi̯o nuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave
    亡國奴  wáng guó nú OC: maŋ kʷɯɯɡ naa MC: mi̯ɐŋ kək nuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave without a country; refugee slave
    丫頭  yā tóu OC: qraa doo MC: ʔɣɛ du 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave girl
    隸僕  lì pú OC: ɡ-rɯɯds booɡ MC: lei buk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave servant
    丫鬟  yā huán OC: qraa ɡʷraan MC: ʔɣɛ ɦɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave girl
    隸卒  lì zú OC: ɡ-rɯɯds skud MC: lei tsʷit 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave; government slave
    包衣  bāo yī OC: pruu qɯl MC: pɣɛu ʔɨi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPhousehold slave (Manchu)
    阿拉巴圖  ā lā bā tú OC: qlaal ɡ-ruub praa daa MC: ʔɑ ləp pɣɛ duo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave (Manchu)
    雇傭奴隸  gù yōng nú lì OC: klaas k-loŋ naa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: kuo̝ ji̯oŋ nuo̝ lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPwage labour slave
    虜役  lǔ yì OC: ɡ-raaʔ ɢʷleɡ MC: luo̝ jiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcaptive slave, prisoner slave
    僕役  pú yì OC: booɡ ɢʷleɡ MC: buk jiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPservant slave
    女奴  nǚ nú OC: naʔ naa MC: ɳi̯ɤ nuo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfemale slave
    臧獲  zāng huò OC: skaaŋ ɢʷreeɡ MC: tsɑŋ ɦɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • na Zāng or a Huò; an ordinary slave
    俘虜  fú lǔ OC: pho ɡ-raaʔ MC: phi̯o luo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcaptive slave
    奴工  nú gōng OC: naa kooŋ MC: nuo̝ kuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave labourer
    奴才  nú cái OC: naa sɡɯɯ MC: nuo̝ dzəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave (also figurative in modern usage)
    小鬟  xiǎo huán OC: smewʔ ɡʷraan MC: siɛu ɦɣan 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPlittle slave girl
    婢女  bì nǚ OC: beʔ naʔ MC: biɛ ɳi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfemale slave
    奴胎  nú tāi OC: naa lʰɯɯ MC: nuo̝ thəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPborn slave
    使喚丫頭  shǐ huàn yā tóu OC: srɯʔ qhloons qraa doo MC: ʂɨ hʷɑn ʔɣɛ du 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfemale servant
    嬖僮  bì tóng OC: peeɡs dooŋ MC: pei duŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPerotic slave????
    奚  xī OC: ɡee MC: ɦei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • narchaic, ZHOULI: female slave, particularly a witty female slave
    青衣  qīng yī OC: tsheeŋ qɯl MC: tsheŋ ʔɨi 0 Attributions
    • 佛經詞語匯釋 Fójīng cíyǔ huìshì The Translation of the Vocabulary of Buddhist Sūtras ( LI WEIQI 2004) p. 244

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 2/152: 46a6

      時有青衣出汲水，開士問曰

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 3/185: 474b7

      太子生日，王家青衣，亦生蒼頭 on the day when the prince was born, a female slave of the royal family also gave birth to a child

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 3/189: 625c23

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 4/196: 157b24

      該容有長老青衣，名曰度勝，恆行市香。There was an old female slave by the name of Du4she4ng who often went to the market to bye incense.

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 4/206: 515a18

    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 4/207: 526a18

      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]the one with green/blue cloth > female servant; female slave (BUDDH. translations from late Han times onwards; used for manual labour at the aritocratic or royal households; offsprings of her are referred to as cāngtóu 蒼頭)
    宰  zǎi OC: tsɯɯʔ MC: tsəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPconvict slave
    奴輩  nú bèi OC: naa pɯɯls MC: nuo̝ puo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPderogatory: slave
    奴隸  nú lì OC: naa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: nuo̝ lei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPunderprivileged (=賤民??)
    侍兒  shì ér OC: ɡljɯs ŋje MC: dʑɨ ȵiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPslave girl
    獲  huò OC: ɢʷreeɡ MC: ɦɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nderogatory dialect word: female slave
    囊生  náng shēng OC: naaŋ sraaŋ MC: nɑŋ ʂɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPTibetan household slave
    磿  lì OC: reeɡ MC: lek 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPcaptive slave