SLAVE 奴隸 奴婢
INTENSELY HUMBLE SERVANT POSSESSED by a HOST.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The standard general word for a dependent low-status servant or slave is nú 奴, and this word became quite currrent in Han times.
2. Yì 役 tends to focus on the hard labour involved.
3. Lǔ 虜 focusses prototypically on the prisoner-origins of a slave.
4. Lì 隸 refers to slaves in an administrative bureaucratic way, and prototypically these menial workers are in public employment, being thus of higher status than mere shepherds or stable-boys in the countryside.
5. Zānghuò 臧獲 is the standard exampe of the name of a slave.
Slavery and servant-hood not always easy to distinguish, and this is for very interesting social reasons. A scheme for the place of menials in the status system is systematised in a crucial ZUO Zhao 7 passage:
故王臣公，公臣大夫，大夫臣士，士臣皁，皁臣輿，輿臣隸，隸臣僚，僚臣僕，僕臣臺。
馬有圉，牛有牧，
2. Yì 役 tends to focus on the hard labour involved.
3. Lǔ 虜 focusses prototypically on the prisoner-origins of a slave.
4. Lì 隸 refers to slaves in an administrative bureaucratic way, and prototypically these menial workers are in public employment, being thus of higher status than mere shepherds or stable-boys in the countryside.
5. Zānghuò 臧獲 is the standard exampe of the name of a slave.
Slavery and servant-hood not always easy to distinguish, and this is for very interesting social reasons. A scheme for the place of menials in the status system is systematised in a crucial ZUO Zhao 7 passage:
故王臣公，公臣大夫，大夫臣士，士臣皁，皁臣輿，輿臣隸，隸臣僚，僚臣僕，僕臣臺。
馬有圉，牛有牧，
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006
HUMAN AFFAIRS 48. 早期奴僕。
奴，總稱，特指男奴。
臧，方言中男奴賤稱，特指逃亡的男奴。
隸，俘虜及其親屬或罪人所充當之官奴。
仆，隨從主人者。
臣，因罪而成的家內男奴。
虜，生產奴隸。
宰，因罪而淪落者，在宮廷或貴族家中負責某項事務，有較高的地位。
婢，女奴的通稱。
獲，方言中女奴的賤稱，亦指逃亡的女奴。
妾，供奴隸主享樂的性奴。
奚，官奴中為主人釀製飲料的女奴，有時泛指小有才智的女奴。
HUMAN AFFAIRS 48. 早期奴僕。
奴，總稱，特指男奴。
臧，方言中男奴賤稱，特指逃亡的男奴。
隸，俘虜及其親屬或罪人所充當之官奴。
仆，隨從主人者。
臣，因罪而成的家內男奴。
虜，生產奴隸。
宰，因罪而淪落者，在宮廷或貴族家中負責某項事務，有較高的地位。
婢，女奴的通稱。
獲，方言中女奴的賤稱，亦指逃亡的女奴。
妾，供奴隸主享樂的性奴。
奚，官奴中為主人釀製飲料的女奴，有時泛指小有才智的女奴。
Modern Chinese Criteria
奴隸
農奴
囊生
朗生
娃子
陪台
陪隸
蒼頭奴
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
農奴
囊生
朗生
娃子
陪台
陪隸
蒼頭奴
rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
- A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages
(
BUCK 1988)
p.
19.42 - Semantica del Griego Antiguo
(
HERNANDEZ 2000)
p.
44.185 - Bezeichnungen fuer Sklaven Soziale Typenbegriffe.
(
KAESTNER 1981)
p.
282ff - 論衡同義詞研究
(
LUNHENG TONGYI 2004)
p.
77 - Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise
(
REY 2005)
p.
2.632 - Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie
(
RITTER 1971-2007)
p.
9.976 SKLAVEREI
- 中國文化史三百題
(
SANBAITI 1987)
p.
132-135 - Histoire des moeurs
(
POIRIER 1991)
p.
3.499-541 - Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.
- 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典
(
HONG CHENGYU 2009)
p.
28 - A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms
(
T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004)
p.
NO.191 - New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.
Words
隸 lì OC: ɡ-rɯɯds MC: lei 21 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nmenial worker employed in a government office; generally: menial subjects, menials
- n(post-N)a slave of a certain grade (among the slaves) ZUOCH
- vadNvulgar, uncivilised self-deprecatory 隸臣 your vulgar servantCH
- vt+prep+Nbe a slave to N
- vtoNserve as slave to
奴 nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 18 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nslave (of either sex); enslaved male (often a foreign prisoner or a criminal)
- nad.VtoNreference=objectas a slave 奴養,
- nadNcharacterised by slaveryDS
- nadVreference=subject(serve etc) like a slave SHIJI: 奴事之耳
- nfigurativethe slavish
- vichangebecome a slave, make oneself into a slave
虜 lǔ OC: ɡ-raaʔ MC: luo̝ 10 Attributions
- Word relations
- Ant: 貴/NOBLE
Guì 貴 (ant. jiàn 賤 "of low character") adds to the notion of high social status that of subjectively appreciated nobility of character. [HIGH-DEGREE], [PERSONAL], [SUBJECTIVE]
- Syntactic words
- nwork-slave (who was often a foreigner and/or prisoner)
- nabactbeing taken prisoner and made into a slave
役 yì OC: ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛk 8 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nabactcorvee labour
- npost-NN's slave
- nt"slave": subservient element, something in a subservient position vis-a-vis something else
- vt+prep+Npassivebe enslaved by NLZ
- vtoNattitudinaltreat as mere slaves
- vtoNcausativecause to be enslaved> enslave
- vtoNcausativepassive: be/get enslaved
- vtoNreflexive.身cause to be a slave, enslave (oneself) 役身
奴婢 nú bì OC: naa beʔ MC: nuo̝ biɛ 8 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPfemale slave
隸人 lì rén OC: ɡ-rɯɯds njin MC: lei ȵin 7 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial government employee; menial servant; person of very low status (not necessarily adult)
帑 tǎng OC: nʰaaŋʔ MC: thɑŋ
孥 nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 6 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nread nú captured slave; household slaves
僮僕 tóng pú OC: dooŋ booɡ MC: duŋ buk 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave servant; servant
- NPfigurative"slave", "servant"
徒隸 tú lì OC: daa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: duo̝ lei 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPadNof the slavish type
- NPpluralslaves; conscript labour
人奴 rén nú OC: njin naa MC: ȵin nuo̝ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1adN2}nonreferentiala slave of others> a slave
屬役 shǔ yì OC: djoɡ ɢʷleɡ MC: dʑi̯ok jiɛk 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NP{N1=N2}nonreferentialhumble employees and slaves of all kinds
徭役 yáo yì OC: k-lew ɢʷleɡ MC: jiɛu jiɛk 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialcorvee labour force
役夫 yì fū OC: ɢʷleɡ pa MC: jiɛk pi̯o 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPact.pejorativescoundrel; good-for-nothing;
氓隸 méng lì OC: mraaŋ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: mɣɛŋ lei 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial agricultural worker> agricultural slave?
- NPadNof the menial agricultural labourer kind
輿隸 yú lì OC: k-la ɡ-rɯɯds MC: ji̯ɤ lei 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPpluralcartmen and menials; perhaps also: cartmen menials
童 tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ
僮 tóng OC: dooŋ MC: duŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- nfrom Qin times onwards, SJ: private household slave servant
人役 rén yì OC: njin ɢʷleɡ MC: ȵin jiɛk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPslave of men
人隸 rén lì OC: njin ɡ-rɯɯds MC: ȵin lei 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialslave
僕隸 pú lì OC: booɡ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: buk lei 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial servant
僮奴 tóng nú OC: dooŋ naa MC: duŋ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialboy slaves
奴僕 nú pú OC: naa booɡ MC: nuo̝ buk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialslave servant> humble slave See 賤至奴僕
奴僮 nú tóng OC: naa dooŋ MC: nuo̝ duŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPslave boy
奴役 nú yì OC: naa ɢʷleɡ MC: nuo̝ jiɛk 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPnonreferentialslave servant
奴虜 nú lǔ OC: naa ɡ-raaʔ MC: nuo̝ luo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPadVreference=objectlike slaves or prisoners
家僮 jiā tóng OC: kraa dooŋ MC: kɣɛ duŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPdomestic slave
家奴 jiā nú OC: kraa naa MC: kɣɛ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold slave
家隸 jiā lì OC: kraa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: kɣɛ lei 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold slave; menial household servant
庸奴 yōng nú OC: k-loŋ naa MC: ji̯oŋ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPworker slave
役使 yì shǐ OC: ɢʷleɡ srɯʔ MC: jiɛk ʂɨ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPplurallow-status employees> slave servants
徒奴 tú nú OC: daa naa MC: duo̝ nuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPconvict slave
田僮 tián tóng OC: ɡ-liiŋ dooŋ MC: den duŋ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPagricultural slave
皂隸 zào lì OC: dzuuʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: dzɑu lei 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold menial; menial servant to a non-official; artisanal???
門隸 mén lì OC: mɯɯn ɡ-rɯɯds MC: muo̝n lei 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial gatekeeper
隸屬 lì shǔ OC: ɡ-rɯɯds djoɡ MC: lei dʑi̯ok 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- NPmenial worker slaves
奚 xī OC: ɡee MC: ɦei 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- narchaic, ZHOULI: female slave, particularly a witty female slave
宰 zǎi OC: tsɯɯʔ MC: tsəi 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPconvict slave
獲 huò OC: ɢʷreeɡ MC: ɦɣɛk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nderogatory dialect word: female slave
磿 lì OC: reeɡ MC: lek 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPcaptive slave
臧 zāng OC: skaaŋ MC: tsɑŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- nZZ, XUN, fangyan: offspring from slaves
丫頭 yā tóu OC: qraa doo MC: ʔɣɛ du 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave girl
丫鬟 yā huán OC: qraa ɡʷraan MC: ʔɣɛ ɦɣan 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave girl
侍兒 shì ér OC: ɡljɯs ŋje MC: dʑɨ ȵiɛ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave girl
俘虜 fú lǔ OC: pho ɡ-raaʔ MC: phi̯o luo̝ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPcaptive slave
僕役 pú yì OC: booɡ ɢʷleɡ MC: buk jiɛk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPservant slave
包衣 bāo yī OC: pruu qɯl MC: pɣɛu ʔɨi 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold slave (Manchu)
囊生 náng shēng OC: naaŋ sraaŋ MC: nɑŋ ʂɣaŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPTibetan household slave
女奴 nǚ nú OC: naʔ naa MC: ɳi̯ɤ nuo̝ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPfemale slave
奴工 nú gōng OC: naa kooŋ MC: nuo̝ kuŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave labourer
奴才 nú cái OC: naa sɡɯɯ MC: nuo̝ dzəi 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave (also figurative in modern usage)
奴胎 nú tāi OC: naa lʰɯɯ MC: nuo̝ thəi 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPborn slave
奴輩 nú bèi OC: naa pɯɯls MC: nuo̝ puo̝i 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPderogatory: slave
奴隸 nú lì OC: naa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: nuo̝ lei 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPunderprivileged (=賤民??)
婢女 bì nǚ OC: beʔ naʔ MC: biɛ ɳi̯ɤ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPfemale slave
嬖僮 bì tóng OC: peeɡs dooŋ MC: pei duŋ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPerotic slave????
小鬟 xiǎo huán OC: smewʔ ɡʷraan MC: siɛu ɦɣan 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPlittle slave girl
罪隸 zuì lì OC: sbuulʔ ɡ-rɯɯds MC: dzuo̝i lei 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPdependents of a criminal who were forced to serve officials as their slaves
臧獲 zāng huò OC: skaaŋ ɢʷreeɡ MC: tsɑŋ ɦɣɛk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- na Zāng or a Huò; an ordinary slave
虜役 lǔ yì OC: ɡ-raaʔ ɢʷleɡ MC: luo̝ jiɛk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPcaptive slave, prisoner slave
阿哈 ā hà OC: qlaal MC: ʔɑ ŋəp 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPhousehold slave (Manchu)
隸僕 lì pú OC: ɡ-rɯɯds booɡ MC: lei buk 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave servant
隸卒 lì zú OC: ɡ-rɯɯds skud MC: lei tsʷit 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave; government slave
青衣 qīng yī OC: tsheeŋ qɯl MC: tsheŋ ʔɨi 0 Attributions
- 佛經詞語匯釋 Fójīng cíyǔ huìshì The Translation of the Vocabulary of Buddhist Sūtras
(
LI WEIQI 2004)
p.
244 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
2/152: 46a6 時有青衣出汲水，開士問曰
- 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/185: 474b7 太子生日，王家青衣，亦生蒼頭 on the day when the prince was born, a female slave of the royal family also gave birth to a child
- 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
3/189: 625c23 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
4/196: 157b24 該容有長老青衣，名曰度勝，恆行市香。There was an old female slave by the name of Du4she4ng who often went to the market to bye incense.
- 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
4/206: 515a18 - 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era
(
T.)
p.
4/207: 526a18
- Syntactic words
- NP[adN]the one with green/blue cloth > female servant; female slave (BUDDH. translations from late Han times onwards; used for manual labour at the aritocratic or royal households; offsprings of her are referred to as cāngtóu 蒼頭)
驅口 qū kǒu OC: kho khooʔ MC: khi̯o khu 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPYuan Dynasty: slave
驅奴 qū nú OC: kho naa MC: khi̯o nuo̝ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave
亡國奴 wáng guó nú OC: maŋ kʷɯɯɡ naa MC: mi̯ɐŋ kək nuo̝ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave without a country; refugee slave
使喚丫頭 shǐ huàn yā tóu OC: srɯʔ qhloons qraa doo MC: ʂɨ hʷɑn ʔɣɛ du 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPfemale servant
阿拉巴圖 ā lā bā tú OC: qlaal ɡ-ruub praa daa MC: ʔɑ ləp pɣɛ duo̝ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPslave (Manchu)
雇傭奴隸 gù yōng nú lì OC: klaas k-loŋ naa ɡ-rɯɯds MC: kuo̝ ji̯oŋ nuo̝ lei 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- NPwage labour slave
Existing SW for
Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database: