AND    並列連詞與

ALL of TWO THINGS OR ACTIONS OR FEATURES.
Old Chinese Criteria
[VERBAL-SCOPE/NOMINAL-SCOPE] [PREDICATE-SCOPE/SENTENCE-SCOPE/SUBJECT-SCOPE] 1. Yǔ 與 "and" is the general all-purpose coordinating particle between NPs which, in ZUO, is equally common in subject and object position, and which coordinates both with concrete and abstract items, often topics, sometimes even pivots. [NOMINAL-SCOPE] 2. Jí 及 "and" is between NPs, and at least in ZUO the conjunction is predominantly between concrete (also multiple) objects and occasionally between non-abstract subjects. [NOMINAL-SCOPE] 3. E@r 而 is between VPs or sentences (and can occasionally occur between subject/topic nouns and the predicate in subordinate sentences, but in usage it does not belong into the present synonym group). [SENTENCE-SCOPE], [VERBAL SCOPE] 4. Yǐ 以 is normally between a non-main and a main VP but may occasionally be purely coordinating and equivalent to ér 而. [VERBAL-SCOPE] 5. Jì 既... ér 而 is between coordinates and equally weighted VPs. [VERBAL-SCOPE] 6. Qiě 且 is between coordinate VPs, but the word also functions as a sentence connective. [VERBAL-SCOPE], [SENTENCE-SCOPE]
Modern Chinese Criteria
并 及 以及 與 同 和 又 跟
Hyponym
  • NONETHELESS　AND, CONTRARY to what one EXPECTS. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • WITH　AND TOGETHER [GRAMMAR] (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • BUT　AND, CONTRARY to OR DIFFERENT from what has NOW been SPEAK:said. (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
  • MOREOVER　AND LINKING SENTENCES [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.] (anc: 10/0, child: 0)
Antonym
See also
  • ALSOADDING SOMETHING to what has ALREADY been SAID OR been REFERRED TO. 
Hypernym
  • ALL　COMMON so that of NONE NOT. (anc: 8/0, child: 6)
  • COMMON　EXISTING IN MANY THINGS OR PLACES. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • EXIST　BE-IN the UNIVERSE of SPACE AND TIME. (anc: 6/0, child: 5)
  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    AND

    et is the general connective.

    -que connects opposites: "but also".

    et... et emphasises surprising cooccurrence.

    ac and atque connect near synonyms.

    MOREOVER

    praeterea refers to something supplementing and completing significantly what has gone before.

    insuper refers to something just coming in addition to what has gone before.

    ultro refers to something which goes beyond and exceeds what has gone before in such a striking way that it casts everything else into the background.

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 177

    • Words (30 items)

    而  ér OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ 601 Attributions

    Ér 而 is between VPs or sentences (and can occasionally occur between subject/topic nouns and the predicate in subordinate sentences, but in usage it does not belong into the present synonym group). [SENTENCE-SCOPE], [VERBAL SCOPE]

      Syntactic words
    • padN1.postN2internominal道之華而亂之首也。"frills of the Way and the beginning of chaos": internominal "and"
    • padNP1{PRED}.postNP2{PRED}between nominal predicatesis NP1 and is also NP2CH
    • padS1.post-S2additiveand 任重而道遠"his burden is heavy and the way is far"
    • padS1.postS2and even故百技所成所以養一人也，而能不能兼技 "and thus one single man is provided by the products of all kinds of artisans, and even the able ones are not able to master several crafts": and evenLZ
    • padS1.postS2and thus故馬鳴而馬應之"horses neigh and then horses will respond to them": and so, and in that way, and thus, and as a result, and consequentlyLZ
    • padV.post-Sand at that time之市而忘操之 "when he went to the market he forgot to take it along": and/but on that occasion; (when S) at that particular time
    • padV.postN{SUBJ}postnominal一人而三變"as one single person to change thrice": being an N go on to VCH
    • padV1.post-V2and thuse.g. 不遠千里而來 "not regard 1000 leagues far and thus come along": and in that way, and thus, and as a result, and consequently
    • padV1.postadV2V1 modifies V2致遠而不勞"reach far without in so doing, getting tired" and in so doing; V1-ing as one V2-sCH
    • padV1.postV2additivee.g. 謹而信"be diligent and trustworthy": and 
    • padV1.postV2V2=subordinate/adverbial拜而受之 "bow and accept it" V2-ing to V1
    與  yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 207 Attributions

    Yǔ 與 "and" is the general all-purpose coordinating particle between NPs which, in ZUO, is equally common in subject and object position, and which coordinates both with concrete and abstract items, often topics, sometimes even pivots. [NOMINAL-SCOPE]

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V1.postV2like 而: V2 and V1DS
    • vtoN.postNpro:postVtand also, and in addition
    • vtoN1.postN2:+Stopicand 父與夫孰親
    • vtoN1.postN2:+Vand 吾與汝俱不如也
    • vtoN1.postN2:+Vmultipleas well as, and in addition
    • vtoN1.postN2:adN3adnominaland 非我與吾子之罪
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVt:.+Vpivotand (conjoining pivots) 使公子燮與子儀守
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtN=abstractand (conjoining abstract N) 禮與信
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtN=multipleand (conjoining objects) 。
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtobjectand 衛侯逐公叔戍與其黨，
    及  jí OC: ɡrɯb MC: gip 143 Attributions

    Jí 及 "and" is between NPs, and at least in ZUO the conjunction is predominantly between concrete (also multiple) objects and occasionally between non-abstract subjects. [NOMINAL-SCOPE]

      Syntactic words
    • nabautonymthe word 及 "and"
    • vt+V1.postadV2and
    • vtoN.postNpro:postVtand also, and in addition
    • vtoN1.postN2:+Vand
    • vtoN1.postN2:+VN=multipleand
    • vtoN1.postN2:+VrelatedN1 including also N2 (which belong together with N1)
    • vtoN1.postN2:adN3adnominaland (between adnominal nominals)
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtin objectand [no examples in LY]
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtN1 and N2 non-homogeneousand
    • vtoN1.postN2:postVtN=multipleand in addition; and even, and including even; and along with that (often: contrary to what one might have assumed) 殺陽令終與其弟完及佗與晉陳及其子弟。
    且  qiě OC:  MC: tshɣɛ 47 Attributions

    Qiě 且 is between coordinate VPs, but the word also functions as a sentence connective. [VERBAL-SCOPE], [SENTENCE-SCOPE]

      Syntactic words
    • padV1.postV2and moreover V1且V2 富且貴 "get rich and even noble"
    • padV1.postV2repeatedboth V1ed and V2ed
    • padV1.postV2sequenceand then also, in addition
    故  gù MC: kuH  OC: kaas 37 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadS1.postS2and so, so, thus; signalling another step in argumentation, with a hardly perceivable causal meaning or without any at allLZ
    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 13 Attributions

    Yǐ 以 is normally between a non-main and a main VP but may occasionally be purely coordinating and equivalent to ér 而. [VERBAL-SCOPE]

      Syntactic words
    • padV.post-Sand in that connection, and in that capacityCH
    • padV1.postV2andLZ
    以及  yǐ jí OC: k-lɯʔ ɡrɯb MC: jɨ gip 12 Attributions

    >>NOMINAL SCOPE

      Syntactic words
    • VPt0oN1.postN2evenand even; and thus also
    下  xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV.postSand on the other hand  (上 ...下 ... "on the one hand... on the other hand")LZ
    • vadV1.postV2and on the other hand 
    及以  jí yǐ OC: ɡrɯb k-lɯʔ MC: gip jɨ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N1.postN2and
    • VPt+V1.postV2and (linking verbal expressions)
    以至  yǐ zhì OC: k-lɯʔ kljiɡs MC: jɨ tɕi 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt0+prep+N1.post-:vtoN2:.+V(from the X-kind) down to (the Y-kind of people)
    上  shàng OC: ɡljaŋʔ MC: dʑi̯ɐŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV.adSon the one hand (上 ...下 ... on the one hand... on the other hand)LZ
    • vadV1.adV2on the one hand (上則 ...下則 ... "on the one hand... on the other hand" - SHANG and XIA preceding another adverb): SHOULD BE CODED AS vad.padV:adS LZ
    • vadV1.adV2:postNon the one hand (上 ...下 ...  on the one hand... on the other hand)
    俯  fǔ OC: poʔ MC: pi̯o 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV1.+V2俯...仰　on the one hand　...　and on the other handCH
    • vadV1.postV2and also 仰...俯
    仰  yǎng OC: ŋaŋʔ MC: ŋi̯ɐŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadV1.adV2one the one hand (and on the other) 仰...俯
    安  ān MC: 'an OC: qaan 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV1.postV2(= 案) and (without many traces of the predominantly consecutive meaning)LZ
    既  jì OC: kɯds MC: kɨi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]+V[0].adSboth (... and) 既...又
    有  yǒu OC: ɢʷɯʔ MC: ɦɨu
    又  yòu OC: ɢʷɯs MC: ɦɨu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padv{NUM}.post-v{NUM}and in addition
    • vtoN1.postN2and 一身有半 (loan for yòu 又)
    及與  jí yǔ OC: ɡrɯb k-laʔ MC: gip ji̯ɤ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N1.postN2along with
    并及  bìng jí OC: peŋs ɡrɯb MC: piɛŋ gip 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N1.postN2objectand
    並  bìng OC: beeŋʔ MC: beŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN1.postN2OBI: and, with; and, as well as (the N1 can consist of several persons or items)
    兼  jiān OC: kleem MC: kem 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V1.postadV2and, and in addition, and in combination
    • vtoN1.postN2and; in addition to N2DS
    如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padV1.postV2and (contrary to expectations) (variant orthography of 而)
    并  bìng OC: peŋs MC: piɛŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V1.postadV2and (between verbal expressions)
    • vtoN1.postN2and, with
    乃至  nǎi zhì OC: nɯɯʔ kljiɡs MC: nəi tɕi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+N1.postN2and even
    既復  jì fù OC: kɯds buɡs MC: kɨi bɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PP{DISCONT}both x and y, not only x but also y
    一則  yī zé OC: qliɡ skɯɯɡ MC: ʔit tsək 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadS1.adS2on the one hand... on the other hand
    而且  ér qiě OC: njɯ MC: ȵɨ tshɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • PPadV1.postV2and
    再  zài OC: tsɯɯs MC: tsəi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • p1adV1+.p1adV2both... and 再欲殺之，再欲活之 "wanted both to kill the tortoise and let it live"
    既又  jì yòu OC: kɯds ɢʷɯs MC: kɨi ɦɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    既而  jì ér OC: kɯds njɯ MC: kɨi ȵɨ 0 Attributions

    Jì 既 ... ér 而 is between coordinates and equally weighted VPs. [VERBAL-SCOPE] VERBAL-SCOPE

      Syntactic words
    終且  zhōng qiě OC: tjuŋ MC: tɕuŋ tshɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words