STONE    石頭

COMMON INTENSELY HARD SUBSTANCE in LANDSCAPE.
ROCKPEBBLEBOULDER
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for a stone is shí 石. 2. Pán 磐 refers to a boulder. 3. Lì 礫 refers to a pebble.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GEOGRAPHY 26. 石，構成地殼的礦物硬塊，為石頭的總稱。 磐，紆回層迭的巨大山石。 礫，小石、碎石。 磧，淺水中的石塊，即大小的鵝卵石。 沙，細小的石粒。 GEOGRAPHY 28. [ 石＋而＋大 ] ，滑石，顏色多種，多作佩飾。 武夫，一種石英，紅質白紋，色彩朦朧，但很潤澤，作建築裝飾材料。 [ 王＋民 ] ，一種大理石，色澤溫潤、體積方整而大，質地或軟或硬，白色為主，用作工藝品、建築裝飾材料。磩，輝綠岩，或為金青色、或為青紫色，可用來製作硯臺。 ARCHITECTURE 23. STONE BASE OF PILLAR 礎，墊在柱腳的墊石。 [ 石＋舄 ] 磌，指明礎。 榰，暗礎。質（鑕、櫍、礩），墊在礎上圓形墊物，引申（ “ 礩 ” ）指石質明礎。 磉，支承柱礎的獨立基礎。 磉上墊礎，礎上墊礩。 ARCHITECTURE 24. STONE BASE 基，牆的地基，整幢建築的地上、地下基礎總稱。 址，夯土地基喻稱。 台，露出地面的地基。 堂，臺基上加高的地基，殿堂的四方形的夯土臺基。 壇，喻稱高臺式堂基。
Modern Chinese Criteria
石 石頭 河卵石 refers to a small round stone or pebble. 鵝卵石 refers to a largish round stone or cobble. 矸石 矸子 石頭子兒 礫 礫石 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • GRINDSTONE　FLAT STONE USED FOR GRINDING. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • WHETSTONE　STONE USED FOR CAUSING KNIVES TO BECOME MORE SHARP ON. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • TOMBSTONE　STONE PUT on a TOMB. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • ROCK　INTENSELY BIG STONE. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • PAVEMENT　PATH ALONG a WAY. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • PRECIOUS STONE　VALUABLE SMALL STONE. (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
  • JADE　HARD BRIGHT STONE USED FOR PRODUCING ORNAMENTS. [] (anc: 6/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 1.44

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 450

    537. Inter Saxa et lapides. Saxa tantum durissima, nam lapis et dura et mollis est petra.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    STONE

    lapis is the most general expression and denotes stone only as a material substance without regard to its form.

    saxum refers to greater masses of stone, specifically hard stone, in whatever form.

    rupes and petra refers to steep and high rocks insofar as these are difficult to climb.

    cautes are small rough and pointed craggy rocks.

    scopuli are jutting underwater rocks, typically posing danger to shipping.

    calculus refers to a small generally round pebble (that is easy to handle).

    scrupulus refers to rough generally angular pebble.

    silex refers to flintstone.

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 272

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 70

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.314

    • Words (11 items)

    石  shí OC: djaɡ MC: dʑiɛk 21 Attributions

    The general word for a stone is shí 石.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 玉/JADE
    • Assoc: 金/METAL Jīn 金 in antiquity usually refers to metal, concretely to bronze or copper.

      Syntactic words
    • nstone; rockrocks
    • n(military) stone projectilesCH
    • nmstone (material)LZ
    • nmadNmade of stone; made up of rock
    • n{PRED}(be a) stone; be a rock
    礫  lì OC: ɡ-rewɡ MC: lek 7 Attributions

    Lì 礫 refers to a pebble.

      Syntactic words
    • npebble
    盤石  pán shí MC: -- dzyek OC: baan djaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NP= pánshí 磐石: boulder, rockLZ
    玉石  yù shí MC: ngjowk dzyek OC: ŋɡoɡ djaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmstones of various kindsDS
    砂  shā OC: sraal MC: ʂɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nmsand; gravel; small-sized stones
    珊瑚  shān hú OC: saan ɡaa MC: sɑn ɦuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPmcoral
    玉  yù OC: ŋɡoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmadNmarble
    碌  lù OC: b-rooɡ MC: luk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nadNmade of stone, rocky
    碣  jié OC: ɡrad MC: giɛt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nK: monolith SHU
    磐  pán OC: baan MC: bʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Pán 磐 refers to a boulder.

      Syntactic words
    磧  qì OC: skhleɡ MC: tshiɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsmall pebbles