PASSIVE MARKER    被動號見

WORD WHICH SHOWS PASSIVE FUNCTION. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current general marker of the passive is jiàn 見 which means literally "be exposed to, face".2. Passives in wéi 為 "be the object of" abstractly indicates that the verb it modifies is neutrally passive.3. Passives in bèi 被 "suffer" typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable.4. Passives in qǔ 取 "bring upon onesel" typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable by one's own fault.5. Passives in zāo 遭 "come upon" and yù 遇 "run into" refer to running into what tend to be undesirable situations one is exposed to.<div>6. Passives in shòu 受 "receive" refers to an agent being the recipient of some impact from the outside.</div><div><br></div><div>7. For passives in yú 於 see the entry under SUFFER.<br></div><br>NB: Note that the notion of the passive is notoriously hard to define for a language like classical Chinese. What some grammarians view as passive constructions will be construed by others as periphrastic ways of expressing with various transitive verbs what other other languages express with passive forms.
Modern Chinese Criteria
LU JIANMING
See also
  • SUFFEREXPERIENCE something BAD FOR ONESELF.
Hypernym
  • PARTICLE　A WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.] (anc: 12/0, child: 24)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • SOUND　WHAT CAN be HEARD. (anc: 10/0, child: 7)
  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 511

    • Words (17 items)

    見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 68 Attributions

    Jiàn 見 refers to someone (and occasionally something) being exposed to an action by another party.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+.Vt[0]{PASS}+prep+Nbe exposed to the action of V-ing from the part of N 見惡於紂
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}get V-ed
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}V=desirablebe exposed to V-ing
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}V=undesirablepassivising grammaticalised particle derived from a transitive verb
    被  bèi OC: bralʔ MC: biɛ 42 Attributions

    Bèi 被 typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+.N+zhi1+suo3+vtbe V-ed by N
    • vt+:N.+Vt+ZHIbe Vt-ed by N 被獄吏辱之
    • vt[oN.]+V[0]{PASS}(be exposed to>) marker of passivisation
    • vt[oN.]+V[0]{PASS}:adNthe V-ed N 被燒之金
    • vtoN.+V{PASS}grammaticalisedpassive marker be V-ed by N (note: 被死相隨)
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 31 Attributions

    Wéi 為 and yú 於 are structural particles which abstractly indicate that certain verbs in their environment are passive.

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN.)adVtpassive為笑"be laughed at (by others)": be Vt-ed by the contextually determinate NLZ
    • vt+.N+Vpassive為人戮"be killed by others"，為天下笑"become the laughing stock of the world, be the laughing stock of the world": marker of passive 
    • vt+.N之所vtget V-ed
    • vt+.N所Vt為他所打 be V-ed by NCH
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}undergo (Nab-ing) 待考
    • vt.+N所Vtget V-ed
    • vtoSbe exposed to S
    受  shòu OC: djuʔ MC: dʑɨu 17 Attributions

    Shòu 受 refers to an agent being the recipient of some impact from the outside.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adVN=agentmarking the agent in passive constructions
    • vtoNab(receive>) be on the receiving end of Nab-ing 受公仲侈之怨也(!)
    取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 9 Attributions

    Qǔ 取 typically refers to the suffering of something undesirable by one's own fault.

      Syntactic words
    • vto:Nab[.post-N]bring upon oneself Nab-ing [or possibly: get oneself VP-ed]; marker of passivisation, specifically self-inflicted suffering of an impact, but not necessarily
    焉  yān MC: hjen OC: ɢan 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ppostadV(be V-ed) by NCH
    與  yǔ OC: k-laʔ MC: ji̯ɤ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adVN=agentthis is a rare usage of 與 marking the agent in passive construction
    乎  hū MC: hu OC: ɢaa 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]oN.postadV{PASS}preposition introducing the agent/subject in a passive constructionLZ
    遭  zāo OC: tsuu MC: tsɑu 2 Attributions

    Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to running into what tend to be undesirable situations.

      Syntactic words
    • vto:Nab[.post-N]get exposed to Nab-ing; (meet>) marker of passivisation
    • vtoNPabbe exposed to NPab-ing > passive marker
    因  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.+V{PASS}by
    由  yóu OC: liw MC: jɨu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adV{PASS}passive marker
    遇  yù OC: ŋos MC: ŋi̯o 0 Attributions

    Zāo 遭 and yù 遇 refer to running into what tend to be undesirable situations.

      Syntactic words
    • vto:Nab[.post-N](meet>) marker of passivisation
    中  zhòng OC: krluŋs MC: ʈuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabNab=passivesuffer (injury etc) ??? [find more examples! CH]
    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEV=passivemarking the agent in passive constructions
    得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}get V-ed (See 得封 and 見官)
    懸  xuán OC: ɢʷeen MC: ɦen 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    於  yú OC: qa MC: ʔi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Wéi 為 and yú 於 are structural particles which abstractly indicate that certain verbs in their environment are passive.

      Syntactic words