CAUSE  原因

SITUATION OR THING which CAUSES something TO HAPPEN OR to be TRUE.SITUATION OR THING which CAUSES something TO HAPPEN OR to BE TRUE.
SOURCEROOTORIGINBEGINNING(S)STARTING POINTMAINSPRINGBASEBASISFOUNDATIONFOUNTAINHEAD
Antonym
  • RESULTSITUATION CAUSED-BY something.
    Hypernym
    • SITUATIONRELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT.
      • RELATIONFEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER.
        • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
          • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to....
    See also
    • BEGINENDURINGLY STOP NOT to ACT OR to BE RESEMBLING:as in the PAST.
      • PASTPERIOD BEFORE NOW.
        • PURPOSEINTENTION one HAS WHEN DOING something, OR INTENTION BASED ON which something is PRODUCED.
          Hyponym
          • BECAUSE　SENTENCE-CONNECTIVE to the effect that S1 is the CAUSE:reason for S2 being TRUE. [GRAMMAR]
            • WHY　BECAUSE of WHAT? [GRAMMAR]
          • PRETEXT　PRETENDED AND NOT REAL CAUSE for ACTING.
            • KARMA　CAUSE which HAS EFFECTS IN FUTURE GENERATIONS.
              Old Chinese Criteria
              1. The general word primarily for something further back in time causing something later in time, but also applied to logical grounds of any kind is gù 故, and the image is that of a solid background against which something is happening. Both subjective reasons and objective causes are referred to by this word.

              2. Yīn 因 is what an animate or inanimate agent bases himself on in order to develop or act, and the image is that of leaning on it.

              3. Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows.

              4. Yǐ 以 is only occasionally nominalised and construes the grounds as something used by the consequence in order for it to be established, and the image is of the use a subject makes, in the course of some action, of something else.

              5. Yuán 緣 is construed as grounds one uses as a guideline, and yuán 緣 always indicates grounds used by a person, and the image is of a guideline one follows in action.

              6. Jī 機 is an objective cause construed metaphorically as a triggering mechanism for what is caused, and the image is of a mechanism triggering an event or an action.

              Modern Chinese Criteria
              原因

              因

              故

              緣故

              原故

              原委

              原由

              緣由

              因由

              來由

              根由

              由

              由頭

              由來

              來頭 refers to a subjective motive behind words or action.

              rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／

              • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.42

              • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 480

                CAUSA est id, cujus vi res est, seu, est principium, unde aliquid suum esse accipit.

                Detailed analysis.

              • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

                CAUSA

              • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 55

              • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.182

                CAUSALITAS

              • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.401

                ENDURSACHEN

              • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.333

              • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1317

              • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.377

              • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 276

              • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

                CAUSE, AITIA, CAUSATION

              • Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens ( BAECHTHOLD-STAEUBLI 1987) p. 1.649

              • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no 100

              • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no. 18

              • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

                CAUSATION

                CAUSATION IN EAST ASIAN AND SOUTH EAST ASIAN PHILOSOPHY

                CAUSALITY

              • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 55A

              Words

              所以  suǒ yǐ OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ 41 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPab.post-Nreason for N, cause of NCH
              • NPpro-Vmetaphysicalcause, the reason why something happened; the reason behind things
              • NPpro-Vnaturalnatural cause of V occurringCH
              • npro-vt.-V國之所以存者"that because of which the state survives": the cause for N V-ing, the reason why N V-sCH
              • npro-vt.-Vthe agential cause of VCH
              • npro-vt.-Vreason why N V-ed
              • npro-vt.-Vsubjectivethe subjective reason for the explicit or implicit subject doing VCH
              故  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 28 AttributionsWD

              The general word primarily for something further back in time causing something later in time, but also applied to logical grounds of any kind is gù 故, and the image is that of a solid background against which something is happening. Both subjective reasons and objective causes are referred to by this word.

                Syntactic words
              • nab[post-N]N=indefreason for somethingCH
              • nabmetaphysicalreason; precedent, antecedent; what is behind something, background, cause; reasons behind; basic features SHUOWEN: 使為之也。
              • npost-Nthe reason for N; the efficient cause producing/having produced N 
              • npost-NN=situationreason for NCH
              因緣  yīn yuán OC: qin k-lon MC: ʔin jiɛn 19 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: primary and subsidiary causes> cause, reason (determining one's life etc); causal link; karmic background
              • NPpost-Nreason for N; karmic background
              機  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 18 AttributionsWD

              Jī 機 is an objective cause construed metaphorically as a triggering mechanism for what is caused, and the image is of a mechanism triggering an event or an action.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalcausal mechanism; crucial mechanism; underlying mechanism
              以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 11 AttributionsWD

              Yǐ 以 is only occasionally nominalised and construes the grounds as something used by the consequence in order for it to be established, and the image is of the use a subject makes, in the course of some action, of something else.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicale.g. 必有以也 "there must be a reason": reason, grounds
              緣  yuàn OC: k-lons MC: jiɛn 7 AttributionsWD

              Yuán 緣 is construed as grounds one uses as a guideline, and yuán 緣 always indicates grounds used by a person, and the image is of a guideline one follows in action.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalconcrete basis, something to go by, lead; reason; plausible reason; more generally: circumstancesin the BUDDH context secondary causes, conditions as opposed to primary causes yin1 因; skr. hetu
              由  yóu OC: liw MC: jɨu 5 AttributionsWD

              Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalthe wherefrom of things, the source of the existence of things
              • nabpsychthe cause from which something flows
              • vtoN1.adN2caused by> by
              所自  suǒ zì MC: srjoX dzijH OC: sqraʔ sblidsCH 5 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPproreason, motivationCH
              • NPpro-Vthe objective or subjective cause/motivation from which the V-ing resultsCH
              為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 4 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • nabpsychreason
              • vtoNabcause (damage, harm etc)CH
              • vtoNpassivebe brought about; be ensuredDS
              • vttoN.+V[0]bring it about that S (cf HYDCD sub verbo no. 29: 使，致使)
              自  zì OC: sblids MC: dzi 4 AttributionsWD

              Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalreason, source (for insight). See SINCE
              • vt+prep+Nstativebe because of the situation described in N
              • vtoNstativebe because of (this)
              因  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 3 AttributionsWD

              Yīn 因 is what an animate or inanimate agent bases himself on in order to develop or act, and the image is that of leaning on it.

                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalcause
              所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • npro+V.postNthe reason why, that through which =所以
              原  yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalbasic causes
              有緣  yǒu yuán OC: ɢʷɯʔ k-lon MC: ɦɨu jiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NP[adN]BUDDH: that which has a cause/that which is conditioned > the conditioned, conditioned entities; cause; > conditioned acts
              生緣  shēng yuán OC: sraaŋ k-lon MC: ʂɣaŋ jiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabmetaphysicalproductive cause
              所以者  suǒ yǐ zhě OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ kljaʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ tɕɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabmetaphysicalthe reason
              有以  yǒu yǐ MC: hjuwX yiX OC: ɢʷɯʔ k-lɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VP Vhave reason/occasion to VCH
              所以然者  suǒ yǐ rán zhě MC: srjoX yiX nyen tsyaeX OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ njen kljaʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabthat by reason of which something is so: reason, causeCH
              生  shēng MC: sraeng OC: sraaŋCH 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNfigurativebring aboutCH
              其所以  qí suǒ yǐ MC: gi srjoX yiX OC: ɡɯ sqraʔ k-lɯʔCH 2 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NP-V[0]objectivethe objective reason why the subject V-edCH
              始  shǐ OC: lʰɯʔ MC: ɕɨ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNcausativebe the initial cause of, originate
              尸  shī OC: qhlji MC: ɕi 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNstativebe the unwitting cause of; preside over unwittingly as the person responsible
              施  shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNabcause (pain etc) by one's actions
              足  zú OC: tsoɡs MC: tsi̯o 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNbe a sufficient reason for
              之為  zhī wéi OC: kljɯ ɢʷal MC: tɕɨ ɦiɛ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • NP{PRED.}post-Nbe the doing of; be because of N
              宿緣  sù yuán OC: suɡ k-lon MC: suk jiɛn 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabmetaphysicalcauses from previous lives as present in the present life
              無所  wú suǒ OC: ma sqraʔ MC: mi̯o ʂi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPt+V[0]have no reason to V
              致令  zhì lìng OC: k-liɡs ɡ-reŋ MC: ʈi liɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]cause the contextually determinate N to V
              所以然  suǒ yǐ rán OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ njen MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ ȵiɛn 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabclassical Chinese: the reasonCH
              • NPabmetaphysicalChristian Chinese: that by virtue of which something is so> cause
              本  běn OC: pɯɯnʔ MC: puo̝n 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • nabmetaphysicalbasic cause, basic reason 難之本 "the basic reason for the trouble/difficulties"
              主  zhǔ MC: tsyuX OC: tjoʔCH 1 AttributionWD
                Syntactic words
              • nab.post-Ndetermining cause or main factorCH
              取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vttoN1.+N2by one's choice of action bring about N1 for N2
              多  duō OC: k-laal MC: tɑ 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNabcause much Nab
              事由  shì yóu OC: dzrɯs liw MC: ɖʐɨ jɨu 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabmetaphysicalreason
              業緣  yè yuán OC: ŋab k-lon MC: ŋi̯ɐp jiɛn 0 AttributionsWD
              • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5503

              • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 406d, 408c

                Syntactic words
              • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: karmic conditions (SOOTHILL: 404: "karma-cause, karma-cirmumstance, condition, resulting from karma.")
              緣故  yuán gù OC: k-lon kaas MC: jiɛn kuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPabcause, reason
              弄  nòng OC: ɡ-rooŋs MC: luŋ 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNcause; bring about;
              求  qiú OC: ɡu MC: gɨu 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • vtoNbe the cause of, "ask for"
                Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: CH 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • VP Vhave reason/occasion to VCH
              所由  suǒ yóu MC: srjoX yuw OC: sqraʔ liwCH 0 AttributionsWD
                Syntactic words
              • NPpro-Vthe objective source and cause for there being V-ing CH

              Existing SW for

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