MEMORIAL  奏章疏

PUBLIC LETTER ADDRESSED to a RULER.
Hypernym
  • LETTERPRIVATE DOCUMENT FOR SENDING TO, and ADDRESSING, someone.
    • DOCUMENTARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR CONTAINING WRITING.
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most general (rare) word for a memorial is shù 疏.

2. Zòu 奏 refers to the act of submission of a memorial, from Qin times onwards specifically directed to the emperor.

2. Biǎo 表 refers in Han times to a formal request for imperial support, often in matters of funeral arrangements etc.

3. Zhāng 章 refers to a memorial of thanks.

4. Yì 議 refers to formal and often controversial contribution towards the discussion of a political issue which is at issue.

5. Shū 書 "document; letter" is sometimes used to refer specifically to a memorial to the throne.



NB: The subtle distinctions between these forms of memorial are the subject of detailed discussion in Wénxīndiāolóng 文心雕龍, but the late date of this text must be kept in mind. Qǐ 啟 "expression of personal views addressed to the emperor" and zhuàng 狀 "formal accusation" are post-Han.

黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006

GOVERNMENT/LAW10. 臣屬向君王上書。

表，起於稟明情況、陳述衷情；後世可用於進獻、推薦等。

GOVERNMENT/LAW 11.

章，起於謝恩上書、彰明帝澤；後世可用於彈劾、諷諫、告發、慶賀等。

奏，用於對一些重要問題的進言。

疏，多用於彈劾、諫議的分條陳述。

SEE:

降及七國，

未變古式，

言事於王，

皆稱上書。

秦初定制，

改書曰奏。

漢定禮儀，

則有四品：

一曰章，

二曰奏，

三曰表，

四曰議。

章以謝恩，

奏以按劾，

表以陳請，

議以執異。

Modern Chinese Criteria
奏章

本章

奏疏

章

表

本

疏

書

NB: 札子 is a note from a superior and does not belong in this group, but is listed because it is a special kind of antonym.

first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH

Words

議  yì OC: ŋrals MC: ŋiɛ 4 AttributionsWD

Yì 議 refers to formal and often controversial contribution towards the discussion of a political issue which is at issue.

    Syntactic words
  • nabtexta memorial or formal declaration
  • vtoNpropose formally, as a memorial
奏  zòu OC: skoos MC: tsu 1 AttributionWD

Zòu 奏 refers to the act of submission of a memorial, from Qin times onwards specifically directed to the emperor.

    Syntactic words
  • na memorial which sets forth an impeachment
  • vtoNimpeach through a memorial
  • vtoNsend up a memorial concerning NCH
  • vtoNpassivebe submitted (a memorial)
書  shū OC: qhlja MC: ɕi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD

Shū 書 "document; letter" is sometimes used to refer specifically to a memorial to the throne.

    Syntactic words
  • nsometimes specifically: memorial submission in writing
表  biǎo OC: prawʔ MC: piɛu 1 AttributionWD

Biǎo 表 refers in Han times to a formal request for imperial support, often in matters of funeral arrangements etc.

    Syntactic words
  • na memorial which sets forth political views
  • vtoNset forth political views in a memorial
章  zhāng OC: kjaŋ MC: tɕi̯ɐŋ 1 AttributionWD

Zhāng 章 refers to a memorial of thanks.

    Syntactic words
  • na memorial which sets forth one's gratitude
奏議  zòu yì MC: tsuwH ngjeH OC: skoos ŋralsCH 1 AttributionWD
    Syntactic words
  • NPnonreferentialmemorial submissions of any kindCH
疏  shù OC: sqras MC: ʂi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD

The most general (rare) word for a memorial is shù 疏.

    Syntactic words
  • nmemorial
駁  bó OC: praawɡ MC: pɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
    Syntactic words
  • na memorial in which political views are expressed
  • vtoNset forth a dissenting opinion (in a memorial)

Existing SW for

Here are Syntactic Words already defined in the database:

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