ADDRESS    對人家說對

SPEAK OR WRITE INTENDING ANOTHER TO HEAR OR READ AND TO REACT to IT. 
TALK TOGIVE A TALK TOSPEAK TO
Old Chinese Criteria
[ASCENDING/HORIZONTAL/DESCENDING] [FORMAL/INFORMAL] [IMPORTANT/INSIGNIFICANT] [PRESCRIBED/SPONTANEOUS] [PRIVATE/PUBLIC] 1. Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect. [ASCENDING], [FORMAL], [PRESCRIBED] 2. Wèi 謂 is a common word referrring to any form of addressing (often of inferiors) for which the subject has taken an independent initiative. [DESCENDING!], [SPONTANEOUS] 3. Yán 言 (ant. mò 默 "fail to speak up, remain silent") typically involves addressing someone with a formal (often public and political) suggestion, taking the initiative to speak up. [FORMAL], [PUBLIC!], [SPONTANEOUS] 4. Gào 告 is typically to address an individual or a group in a formal way or in an important matter, and the content of the address is most often information, but there are also often questions or suggestions involved, when these questions and suggestions are passed on as a message from someone else than the speaker himself. [FORMAL], [IMPORTANT], [SPONTANEOUS]
Modern Chinese Criteria
對... 說 public address: 演講 refers standardly to giving a public lecture. 講演 typically refers nominally to a public lecture. 演說 refers to a public presentation of a less formal kind, typically viewed as performance. 發言 refers to an act of speaking up in public, long or short. 作報告 is a verb referring to the making of a report. first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH/
Hyponym
  • COMMAND　ADDRESS someone, USING AUTHORITY, INTENDING to CAUSE that person to ACT RESEMBLE:as one INTENDS him to ACT. (anc: 15/0, child: 8)
  • CONGRATULATE　ADDRESS someone who is CELEBRATING SOMETHING so as to RITUALLY COMMUNICATE one's GOOD WISHES FOR him/her at THIS TIME. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • CONSOLE　ADDRESS someone OR INTERACT with someone who is SUFFERING so as to COMMUNICATE one's SYMPATHY with him, and so as to HELP him. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • DIALOGUE　MUTUAL ADDRESSING EXCHANGED between those who MUTUALLY LISTEN. (anc: 15/0, child: 4)
  • DEMAND　ADDRESS someone so as to COMMAND that that person ACT:do something. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • FAREWELL　ADDRESS someone to REPORT that one is FUTURE:about-to LEAVE, OFTEN:typically COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR him. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • PERMIT　ADDRESS someone with AUTHORITY so as to SAY that one does NOT FORBID what s/he is HOPING to ACT:do. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • PRAY　ADDRESS DEITIES OFTEN:typically with RITUAL REQUESTS. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • PROMISE　ADDRESS ANOTHER SAYING that one FUTURE:will CERTAINLY DO something DESIRED by him/her. (anc: 15/0, child: 4)
  • ANSWER　ADDRESS someone who has ADDRESSED one REQUESTING such an ADDRESS as a REACTION. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • REPORT　ADDRESS others so as to CAUSE them to BECOME AWARE of a FACT. (anc: 15/0, child: 4)
  • REQUEST　To ADDRESS someone so as to TRY TO CAUSE him/her TO ACT in a certain way. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • TEACH　ADDRESS OTHERS so as to TRY to CAUSE them to HAVE SKILLS OR TALENTS.*Teaching by the teacher X, to learner Y, of content Z. (anc: 15/0, child: 2)
  • THANK　ADDRESS someone so as to SHOW GRATEFUL:gratitude, USING WORDS. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • WARN　ADDRESS someone so as to CAUSE him to UNDERSTAND what one BELIEVES to be DANGEROUS FOR him. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • OATH　ADDRESS someone DECLARING INTENSELY that what one is SAYING is TRUE, and in so doing REFERRING to DEITIES as WITNESSES. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • COMMUNICATE　MUTUALLY ADDRESS so as to CAUSE an IDEA to be UNDERSTOOD. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • ADVISE　ADDRESS someone INTENDing to HELP  his/her PLANing.  (anc: 15/0, child: 2)
  • CHALLENGE　ADDRESS someone so as DEMAND to FIGHT WITH him, OR so as to DEMAND another COURAGEOUS REACTION. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • PREACH　ADDRESS OTHERS in EXPLAINING SUPERNATURAL TRUTHS. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • GREET　ADDRESS someone one is MEETING NOW COMMUNICATING one's GOOD WISHES FOR her/him. (anc: 15/0, child: 1)
  • REPROACH　ADDRESS someone so as to BLAME him/her. (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
  • INSULT　ADDRESS SOMEONE SO AS TO CAUSE HIM TO BECOME ANGRY (anc: 15/0, child: 0)
    Hypernym
    • WRITE　PRODUCE a DOCUMENT. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
    • PRODUCE　ACT so as to DELIBERATELY CAUSE something to BEGIN to EXIST. (anc: 12/0, child: 17)
    • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
    Other Hypernyms
    • SPEAK　ACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z. (anc: 12/0, child: 32)
    • ACT　MOVE OR NOT MOVE CONFORMING to one's SELF:own DECIDE:decision. (anc: 11/0, child: 24)
    • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • Chinese terms of address Language ( CHAO YUEN REN 1956) p.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ADDRESS

    alloqui is to adress a person who is a stranger with a greeting.

    appelare is to address someone so as to draw him or her into a serious conversation.

    affari is to turn to someone emotionally by addressing him or her.

    LW

    appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;

    adpello, adpellare, adpellavi, adpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;

    adeo, adire, adivi(ii), aditus V 6 1 [XXXAO]

    approach; attack; visit, address; undertake; take possession (inheritance);

    destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    |determine/intend; settle on, arrange; design; send, address, dedicate (Bee);

    conpello, conpellare, conpellavi, conpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]

    address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse

    compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]

    address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse

    *

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 35

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 48

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.893

    KOMMUNIKATION

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 1289

    謂，曰

    1. WL claims that we4i 謂 does not introduce direct speech by itself and is always followed by yue1 曰 when introducing speech. In fact, the situation is much more complicated, and we4i 謂 does introduce direct speech by itself without yue1 曰 many times even in LY, the special nuance being brought out in the translations below:

    子謂子賤〔KZJY adds: 曰〕:君子哉若人!魯無君子者,斯焉取斯?

    "The Master said of Z”jia4n: 'What a gentleman, this kind of person! If there were no gentlemen in Lu3, how could he have acquired his qualities?" LY 5.3

    One sees easily why the Jia1yu3 家語 added the yue1 曰: "What a gentleman, this kind of person" is unmistakably direct speech in the classical Chinese as in English. And the fact is there is no yue1 曰 in the LY text. Neither is there in the following:

    子謂公冶長可妻也。雖在縲絏之中,非其罪也。以其子妻之。

    "The Master said about Go1ngye3 Cha2ng: 'He is a suitable person to give someone to in marriage. Although he is in fetters, it is not his crime.' He married him off to his daughter." LY 5.1

    The Lu4nhe2ng 論衡 does not recognise this construction and quotes our passage with yue1 曰 for we4i 謂 which certainly makes for easier reading.

    子謂南容邦有道不廢。邦無道免於刑戮。以其兄之子妻之。

    "The Master said about Na2n Ro2ng: 'When the Way prevailed in the state he was not cast aside. When the Way did not prevail in the state he avoided punishment and execution.' And he gave him his elder brother's daughter in marriage." LY 5.2

    子謂子產有君子之道四焉:其行己也恭,其事上也敬,其養民也惠,其使民也義。

    "The Master said about Z”cha3n: 'He has four Ways of the gentleman: in his actions he is diligent; in his service for superiors he is respectful; in caring for the people he is generous; in deploying the people he is just." LY 18.8

    One can see why one would want to avoid a form like z” we4i Z”cha3n yue1 子謂子產曰 to mean "The Master commented on Z”cha3n saying:'...'". This is simply because such a form would be obviously bound to be misunderstood to mean "Confucius told Z”cha3n: '...'".

    子謂衛公子荊善居室。始有曰:苟合矣。少有曰:苟完矣。富有曰:苟美矣。

    "The Master said about Prince J•ng: 'He was good at living in houses. When he first had one he said: "It will do for the time being." When he had a somewhat larger one he said: "It has everything for the time being." When he had a sumptuous place he said: "It is beautiful for the time being."'" LY 13.8. Compare also LY 5.16 and 18.8 for the same construction.

    Couvreur p. 213 indulges in a beautifully complex pattern of direct speech within indirect speech in his Latin paraphrase: "Magister aiebat Wei regni magnum praefectum Koung Tzeu king bene contentum esse domo sua;quum doeperit possidere aliquantulum, dixisse, 'Paululum comparavi;' quum aliquantulam copiam habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere completa est [opulentia mea];' quum abunde habuerit, dixisse, 'Fere splendidum est'." The question is precisely whether this way of construing the Chinese does or does not have any soundbasis in classical Chinese grammar. The answer is that traditional Chinese commentators have been consistently indifferent to our distinction.33 D.C. Lau 1983, p. 123 renders this indifference towards the problem of direct/indirect speech well in his translation, but he does not maintain that studied indifference in the punctuation of the Chinese text.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 2B

    PERSONENBEZEICHNUNGEN

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 80A

  • Begruessung und Abschied bei Homer (Dissertation) ( ELMIGER 1935) p.

    • Words (15 items)

    言  yán OC: ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɐn 66 Attributions

    Yán 言 (ant. mò 默 "fail to speak up, remain silent") typically involves addressing someone with a formal (often public and political) suggestion, taking the initiative to speak up. >>FORMAL, SPONTANEOUS, PUBLIC!

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+Ntalk to, make representations to
    • vt+prep+N.adVspeaking to 言於王曰 said to the king ZUO, ZGC, SHIJI, XINLUN
    • vtoNspeak up addressing (someone)
    • vtt(oN1.)+prep+N2omsay something determinate N1 to (someone N2)
    謂  wèi OC: ɢuds MC: ɦɨi 38 Attributions

    Wèi 謂 is a common word referrring to any form of addressing (often of inferiors) for which the subject has taken an independent initiative. >>DESCENDING!, SPONTANEOUS

      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN.)+Vaddress a contextually determinate person and say
    • vtoN.+VtoSaddress N and say S
    • vttoN.+Ssay to (someone)(direct speech) [note: without 曰]
    語言  yù yán OC: ŋas ŋan MC: ŋi̯ɤ ŋi̯ɐn 30 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtt(oN.)+Stell the contextually determinate N: "S"; say to the contextually determinate N "S"; speak to the contextually determinate N as follows: "S"
    • VPtt(oN.)+Simperativetell the contextually determinate N that S!
    告  gào OC: kuuɡs MC: kɑu 28 Attributions

    Gào 告 is typically to address an individual or a group in a formal way or in an important matter, and the content of the address is most often information, but there are also often questions or suggestions involved, when these questions and suggestions are passed on as a message from someone else than the speaker himself. >>FORMAL, IMPORTANT

      Syntactic words
    • vt+prep+N.adVtoSpass on a message to (somebody), (saying:
    • vtoN.+VtoSaddressing (someone)(say) 告眾曰
    • vtt(oN1.+prep+N2)N2=humantell the fact N1 to the person N2CH
    • vttoN.+SS=direct.speechaddress someone with the words S
    語  yù OC: ŋas MC: ŋi̯ɤ 23 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN.)+Vtell the contextually determinate N that S
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2tell N2 about the contextually determinate N1CH
    • vttoN.+VtoSaddress N as follows in S; report to; let somebody know; post-Han sometimes: tell someone to carry out the instruction in the speech 語人曰
    白  bái OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.+VtoSaddress (usually a superior, and politely) 白佛曰
    • vtt(oN.)+Saddress N, with the (written or spoken) message SCH
    • vttoN.+Saddress N politely witht he words S
    • vttoN.+SS=indirect.speechsay S to N (who is of superior status)
    向  xiàng OC: qhaŋs MC: hi̯ɐŋ 12 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 對/ADDRESS Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect. Duì 對 is typically in response to a question, whereas wèi 謂 and yán 言 never are. >>FORMAL, ASCENDING, PRESCRIBED

    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 334-335

      From the Six Dynasties period onwards xia4ng appeared in constructions in which the main verb expressed a speech act. In this pattern xia4ng marks the indirect object of the main verb, i.e. the person the speech act is directed towards (SHUISHUO, Tang poetry, BIANWEN). In ZTJ this function is very common and the coverb appears with a variety of words expressing speech acts, introducing direct speech. [fn. 981: That function of xia4ng stayed common until MM. However in late Ming and early Qing 了 was often attached to the coverb xia4ng, possibly an influence from a dialect (see Feng Chuntian 2000: 329).]

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + yu2n 云 (VTS) 'say to '

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + da4o 道 (VTS) 'tell'

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + yue1 曰 (VTS) 'say to'

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + shuo1 說 (VTS) 'speak to; tell'

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + we4n 問 (VTS) 'ask'

      xia4ng 向 (COV.OBJ.SPEECH) + N.HUM + nia3n 拈 (VTS) 'cite (a problem/case) to'

      This usage is certainly derived from the main verb xia4ng meaning 'turn towards; head into the direction of; etc.'. Thus it is sometimes tempting to interpret xia4ng as V1 in serial verb constructions with a V2 expressing a speech act, for example xia4ng zho4ng yu2n 向眾云: 'to turn towards/face the assembly and say'; however, there are examples which clearly reveal the coverbal character of xia4ng in these constructions. In the following example xia4ng has to be translated as a coverb:

      751) ZTJ 1.115; WU: 72

      “我向你道莫出家。”

      wo3 xia4ng ni3 da4o mo4 chu1-jia1

      NPRO1SG/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/NPRO2SG/speak/NEG.IMP/leave-home

      "I tell you: Do not become a monk!"

      Occasionally the coverbal object is deleted:

      752) ZTJ 1.136; WU: 83

      “忽逢修道人，

      hu1 fe1ng xiu1-da4o re2n

      SI.CONDif/meet/practice-way/person

      "If one meets a person practicing the Way

      第一莫向道。”

      di4-yi1 mo4 xia4ng da4o

      PREF.ORD/NUMone/NEG.IMP/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/speak

      it is paramount not to talk to [him]."

      753) ZTJ 1.086; WU: 54

      過江了，向行者云：

      guo4 jia1ng lia3o xia4ng xi2ng-zhe3 yu2n

      cross/river/finish??/COV.OBJ.SPEECH/TITpostulant/speak

      After they had crossed the River Jia1ng he said to the postulant:

      Occasionally the word is also used in a postverbal position; however this usage is comparatively rare.

      xia4ng 向 (PREP.OBJ.SPEECH):

      754) ZTJ 1.068; WU: 42

      讓和尚說向道一也。

      Ra4ng he2-sha4ng shuo1 xia4ng Da4oyi1 ye3

      NPR/TITpreceptor/teach(expound)/PREP.OBJ.SPEECH/NPR/SF

      Preceptor Ra4ng is talking to/expounding to [Ma3zu3] Da4oyi1.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoN.adVcoverb introducing the recipient of a speech act: address somebody (and say); addressing oneself to N
    話  huà OC: ɡroods MC: ɦɣɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabtexttalk; occasionally, archaic: what one says
    • vtoNtalk to
    告曰  gào yuē OC: kuuɡs ɢʷad MC: kɑu ɦi̯ɐt 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoSaddress a contextually determinate audience with the message S
    對  duì OC: k-luubs MC: tuo̝i 2 Attributions

    Duì 對 "respond" (opp. wèn 問 "ask") refers to responses to superiors (See REPLY) whereas wèi 謂 often addresses inferiors. Yán 言 is neutral in this respect. Duì 對 is typically in response to a question, whereas wèi 謂 and yán 言 never are. >>FORMAL, ASCENDING, PRESCRIBED

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNaddress (an incoming visitor etc at the door); address others in conversation
    • vtoN.adV對曰addressing oneself to someone of higher status, not by way of replying to something he has said but to something he has done
    • vtoN.adVfigurativeaddressing > regarding, concerning
    諭  yù MC: yuH OC: los 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNderivedaddress N with the intention to inform NCH
    命喚  mìng huàn OC: mɢreŋs qhloons MC: mɣaŋ hʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPttoN.+Saddress N saying S
    誓言  shì yán OC: ɡljeds ŋan MC: dʑiɛi ŋi̯ɐn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabtextsolemn address
    • VPtoSswear an oath to the effect that S
    加  jiā MC: kae OC: kraal 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt prep Npassivebe addressed toCH
    誓  shì OC: ɡljeds MC: dʑiɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactinvocation
    • vt+prep+Ninvoke, swear by