TLS - 漢學文典

Taxonomy of meanings for 立:　　

lì (OC: ɡ-rub MC: lip) 力入切入廣韻：【行立又住也成也又漢複姓魯有賢人立如子力入切九】
- STAND
  - viactto stand in a certain place; stand in attention (at court); often used with 於 (one might feel this is a transitive usage with a local object rather than a localising complement)
  - viacttake a (psychological) stand> take a position (See 獨立 "take an independent position, establish oneself independently as 'one's own person'")
  - viactZUO: stand up (as a pig standing up like a man). This is the general word for standing straight and inactive with both feet on the ground.
  - vifigurativeTo "stand around" and fail to act [DS]
  - vt+prep+N立於門外
  - vt+prep+Nactfigurative: to find a place to stay; find a job (somewhere); to serve (somewhere)
  - vtoN{PLACE}stand in (a place)
  - v[adN]nonreferentialsomeone standingCH
  - vifigurativeof an expression: stand outCH
  - vtoNcausativecause to stand up; erectCH
  - vadVstandingDS
  - vtoNabfigurativetake one's firm stand in NabCH
  - vt+prep+Nabfigurativetaking a stand in, establish oneself inCH
  - vadNstanding, uprightCH
  - abstract, continuative>
    REMAIN
    - viactremain in place; subsist, remain in existence
    - figurative, abstract, “remain in existence”>
      EXIST
      
      vimedicine: be diagnosed to exist> exist
  - causative>
    ESTABLISH
    - nabactthe establishment
    - vtoNfigurative, causativecause to exist, establish and demonstrate (qualities), bring into existence (e.g. laws etc); promote and establish; cause to be established as ruler
    - vtoNfigurativebuild up; firmly establish (a tradition of behaviour etc), consolidate; postulate (a thesis, proposition);
    - vtoNmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    - vtoNmiddle voicebe solidly established
    - vtoNpassivebe brought into existence and get solidly established
    - vtoNfigurativebe established > be postulated (as a proposition)
    - vtoNreflexive.自establish (onself)
    - vtoN1.+N2establish/setup/place N1 in the place N2
    - vttoN1.+N2establish N2 for N1
    - vttoN1.+N2reflexive.自establish an N2 for (onself)
    - vimiddle voicebe administratively established in one's rankCH
    - vt[oN]reflexiveestablished [himself]> took a stand, was his own manCH
    - vtoNabfigurativeintroduce N as common practiceLZ
    - reflexive>
      FREE
      
      viactfreely took his own free stand, was his own manCH
    - object:army>
      MOBILISE
      
      vtoNmobilise
    - abstract: what one has tried>
      ACHIEVE
      
      vtoNto achieve
      
      vtoNmiddle voiceto be achieved, to get achieved
      - something important> SUCCEED
        
        viactget properly established and succeed in one's career
        
        vtoNcausativecause (someone) to succeed LY: 立仁
        
        vifigurativetake a successful stand; be an intellectual success
        
        vt+prep+NN=placeget well-established in the place NCH
        
        nabactthe becoming well-established, successful establishment of a careerCH
    - politically>
      INSTALL
      
      vt[oN]install someone in office
      
      vtoN.+Vreflexive.自install (oneself) as ruler,　OFTEN 自立為楚王
      
      vtoNinstate, establish formally in a position (as ruler or official)
      
      vtoNmiddle voicebe formally established, be established and achieve proper status; be firmly established, be established as true; take a firm stance on life
      
      vtoNreflexive.自install (oneself) in a ruling position
      
      vttoN1.+N2reflexive.自install (oneself) as N2
      
      nabactinstallment, establishment on the throne; establishment in the leading position
      
      vtoNconativetry to install
      
      vtoN.+V[0]install N to V (become prime minister etc)
      
      vt(oN)instate, establish the contextually determinate N formally in a position (typically followed by 以爲)LZ
      
      vtoNas heirinstall as heirCH
      
      vt1oN1.-vt2oN2passivebe installed as N2 朔立為太子DS
      - be installed as ruler> GOVERN
        
        viinchoativebe established as ruler[See also ESTABLISH][CA]
        
        vicontinuativemiddle voice: be established as rulerCH
      - establishing a new practice> BEGIN
        
        nab.-Nbeginning two weeks of the season N 立春 "beginning of spring"
        
        dwelling> BUILD
        
        vtoNbuild up physically
        
        vtoNpassivebe built, be set up
        
        abstract: family> MARRY
        
        vtoNestablish as one's main wife.
        
        abstract: any artifact> CREATE
        
        vtoNcause to be established> invent
        
        object:text> WRITE
        
        vtoNderivedput down and establish as part of one's composition> writeCH
  - grammaticalised:stante pede>
    IMMEDIATELY
    - vadVstante pede > without delay, in no time; immediately; on the spot

Additional information about 立

說文解字: 【立】，住也。从大，立一之上。【臣鉉等曰：大，人也。一，地也。會意。】凡立之屬皆从立。【力入切】

Criteria

STAND

1. The current general word dominating this group is lì 立 (ant. fú 伏 "lie down").

2. Qǐ 企 refers to standing tip-toe.

3. Sǒng 竦 refers to standing tip-toe and craning one's neck.

4. Zhù 佇 is a very poetic word referring to standing attentively for a long time.
LIE DOWN

1. The current general words are wò 臥 (ant. lì 立 "stand up") which can refer to lying in any position, on the side, on the back, or indeed on the stomach, and the purpose of this action is rest or sleep.

2. Fú 伏 (ant. qǐ 起 "rise") refers specifically to lying face down on the ground, often with the purpose of hiding, never with the purpose of resting.

3. Yǎn 偃 refers to reclining and lying on one's back, often so as to rest.

4. Jiā1ng 僵 is said to refer to lying flat on one's back.

NB: Tǎng 躺 "lie" is post-Han.
KNEEL

1. The current general word for kneeling down while resting one's body on one's heels in an orderly but relaxed position is zuò 坐 (lì 立 "stand up"), a term often innocently mistranslated as "to sit".

2. Guì 跪 refers to the polite act of submission which involves kneeling down with one's torso protruding forward, ready to show respect and submission

3. Bài 拜 refers to the action of guì 跪 with the addition of moving one's head towards the ground. See BOW.

4. Jì 跽 and cháng guì4 長跪 kneel with one's torso erect, as a sign of seriousness.

5. Qǐ 啟 is a poetic word for the polite act of submitting which involves kneeling down which is current in SHI.
BEAUTIFUL

[ABSOLUTE/GRADED]

[ACOUSTIC/VISUAL]

[ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]

[[COMMON/RARE]]

[ELEVATED/VULGAR]

[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[HUMAN/NON-HUMAN]

[POETIC/PROSAIC]

1. The general word is měi 美 "handsome and admirable" (ant. è 惡 "ugly") which refers to anything concrete or abstract which is attractive or handsome in a dignified way, and the word often retains its primary culinary sense of "tasty".

[GENERAL], [GRADED]; [[COMMON]]

2. Lì 麗 (ant. sù 素 "unaodorned") is often restricted to physical objects, prototypically to clothes, and emphasises their balanced symmetric beauty, occasionally also - by analogy - the well-aligned symmetric beauty of mountains.

[ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

3. Wén 文 (ant. zhì 質 "merely material") emphasises cultivated external as well as internal elegance as well as traditionalism.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]

4. Yǎ 雅 (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") emphasises primarily external elevated elegance.

[ACOUSTIC!], [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED+], [NON-HUMAN]

5. Hǎo 好 "comely, handsome" (ant. chǒu 醜 "ugly") refers indiscriminately to men and women, but the word is sometimes more general and even abstract in application and refers to attractive words or attractive moral qualities.

[HUMAN!], [NATURAL], [VISUAL]

6. Xiù 秀 "of vigorous and imposing beauty" focusses on flourishing and flamboyant beauty in analogy with that of flowers.

[ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [NON-HUMAN], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

7. Huá 華 "of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers.

[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL], [VISUAL]

8. Zhuàng 壯 "stately" (ant. ruò 弱 "weak and unsightly") is virile beauty associated with strength and vigour. See STRONG

[NATURAL], [MARGINAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

9. Jiā 佳 "of outstanding beauty" (NB: liè 劣 "unremarkable" is the ant. of jiā 佳 "outstanding", and not in the meaning of "outstandingly beautiful") emphasises comparative beauty compared to others in the same group.

[GRADED], [ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [POETIC]

10. Dū 都 "urbane and exquisitely beautiful" (ant. bì 鄙 "rustic and inelegant") is a highly poetic word that can only be used in elevated prose.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]

11. Yán 妍 "attractive and exquisite (of humans as well as human products)" (ant. chì 蚩 "unattractive") refers to elaborate beauty. See SEXY.

[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HUMAN], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]

12. Xiū 脩 / 修 "refined moral beauty" refers to moral as well as physical beauty, thus coming close the Greek kalokagathia, but never approaching the latter in importance as a cultural keyword.

<div>[ELEVATED], [ARTIFICIAL]; [[RARE]]</div><div> </div><div>吳蓬，東方審美詞彙集萃，上海文藝出版社，2002 lists the following rough definitions of a variety of terms of aesthetic appreciation by the artist and scholar Wu Peng. Many of these terms express conventional appreciative flattery only. This list does provide one not particularly well-known artist's subjective readings of some basic terms of traditional Chinese aesthetic approbation.</div><div>勃：富有生机之突起。 苍：浓的，毛的，老练的。 沉：沉着不浮，有重量感。 冲：调成和淡之意向。 饬：整顿。 粗：大而不笨者。 淳：清，往往易薄，然而淳是清中滋润之厚。 醇：与淳略同，这醇是提炼后的滋润之厚。 绰：与"约"字合用，即舒而不纵之意。 澹：平静而有幽淡之趣。 淡：与浓艳相对。 宕：放荡不拘。 跌：往往与"宕"字合用，即是起伏明显之状。 端：方正而不出偏，有稳实感。 敦：很实在的，结实的厚。 繁：众而密，有生气。 方：与平正同义。 丰：饱满而充足。 风：审美中之"风"指的是一种气韵格调。 飞：大幅度的流动。 刚：属于阳性的，有正力的，与柔软相对。</div><div>高：俯视一切的、超然得不一般。 工：规矩，不潦草。 孤：自我独立。 古：旧气，更有历史的抗怀千载之迹象。 骨：内在的架子。 犷：是跟"雄悍"接近，在粗中发展开来。 瑰：不单调的美。 乖：不和顺。 憨：近于拙朴而敦实。 酣：厚润四溢。 豪：激动向上之貌，有气魄。 宏：大而有气度。 厚：有沉积的饱和。 华：明亮而艳丽。 环：长久圆融之境。 荒：与"枯简"接近，不修饰。 豁：与开朗接近，然比开朗明显。 恢：宽广有余。 浑：团然一气之象，有朦胧感。 简：经过一番整修的减少。 娇：美得可爱。 警：审美中用此警字，往往指敏锐、颖达。 </div><div>劲：能察觉的力。 精：很到位。 隽：精致而具内涵之美。 娟：秀而婉丽。 崛：高起而突出。 俊：人材杰曲之美。 峻：山高而陡。在书画中是浓而锋利之用笔。 空：有灵气之空白。 枯：干而毛，生的萎缩，然亦是力的显露。 宽：大度而畅朗。 旷：广阔而空灵。 辣：是枯毛爽直的老笔触。 朗：明亮而豁然。 琅：圆而光润。 伦：是同类之意，带有文明意念。 冷：跟"淡"与"静”接近，与浓烈相对。 炼：精到而有功力。 淋：与"漓”往往合用，是无拘束的洒落。 流：明显的动感。 迈：阔而放的超势。 莽：宽广而繁密的，朴直奔放的。 袤：与"古"字合用，即悠长久远之趣。 茂：有生气的繁密。 媚：柔美之趣。 宓：安而静。 明：清晰有亮度。 凝：浓重而不流动。 懦：毫无火气之柔软。 平：一般的，接近于稳。 朴：原始状态，形象较准。 嫖：与"姚"字合用，即动疾之状，而有气势。 奇：不一般。 气：生发的，迎面直扑而来的感觉。 清：是混的相对。其间透出一股朗气。 峭：山之直而险，在书画中是露锋的侧锋用笔，有明显露 尖状态。文章中之峭，是意气直逼。 遒：婉转有致，内力强劲。 虬：与遒类似，但动感较强，弯曲而有力度。 意：诚实谨慎。 儒：代表文人之书卷气。 洒：散落无拘束。 赡：富有与丰实。若与"疏”、"逸”组合即成"澹”或"安"之义。</div><div>骚：审美中之骚字，可引伸为风骚至风流感。 韶：美丽有光泽。 涩：在不爽快的进程中，流露出内力之美。 深：不是浮面的。 神：精与气合。高端的。 生：不成熟，但比成熟有味。 肆：任意放纵。 松：松是灵活自然，是一切技巧之本要。 瘦：与粗笨相对，在审美中的"瘦"，是指细长而精练。 疏：一种稀少秀朗之美。 肃：有立即静穆下来之势。 率：与潦草随便有别，爽快而直接。 邃：深远而悠久。 阅：通达之意。 给：与"宕"合用，是安详舒放之趣。 天:很自然，一片天箱之"天"。 恬：安静而坦然。 挺：直而有生气。 婉：柔和而曲折。 温：是一种暖调与缓和的综合。</div><div>巍：往往与"峨"合用，是高大厚实之趣。 洗：与"炼”合用，即是"精炼"之意，凡物之洁出于洗。 犀：与"利"字合用，即坚利。 熙：光明，和乐。 细：指细而不纤。 娴：文静而雅致。 闲：一种高雅的自由。 萧：疏少有致。 潇：散朗而润泽。 馨：很醇厚的香气。 篁："篁古”是悠远辽阔之意。 雄：强大，有力度，有霸气。 秀：灵巧的，有生气的，美好的显露。 虚：表象空，但并非真空。 雅：文气而不俗。 妍：鲜美而柔性。 严：认真，不马虎。 淹：一种浸沉与精深明达之境。 野：超脱、不规范。 冶：经过一番精致修饰。 逸：悠闲的起伏。</div><div>意：精神倾向。 莹：透明而幽亮。 雍：往往与“容"字合用，有和顺之貌。 幽：静而深。 腴：肥润而饱和。 郁：厚积而有生气。 纤：与"迥"字合用，即弯环回绕之趣。 遹：与"瑰"字合用，即纤迥美丽之趣。 渊：往往与"懿"合用，是深润而悠美之趣。 圆：接近于饱满润滑。 蕴：与"藉"合用，即内涵丰富。 韵：一种余味不尽之趣。 恣：放纵的，无拘束的。 滋：湿润感。 自：出于本性的流露。 质：本体的，实在的。 纵：放逸无拘之状。 拙：接近朴，形不准。 庄：端正之貌。 卓：与“荤"合用，是突出明显之状。 </div><div> </div>
BUILD

1. The general current word for erecting or rebuilding a permanent structure of any kind is zhú 築.

2. Lì 立 "to erect" focuses on the resulting uprightness of the structure, but the word.

3. Xiū 脩 focusses on the careful finishing work of construction, and the word also applies to reconstruction with careful attention paid to the finish. [See REPAIR]

4. Gòu 構 "make a structure" focusses on the fitting together of different parts, Lothar Ledderose's modules, to make a structured whole.

5. Qǐ 起 "raise (a building)" is an administrative neutral term that can refer to the building of any larger structure, and the word become current in this meaning in Han times.

6. Wéi 為 is currently used to refer specifically to the building of houses or capitals. See PRODUCE

7. Zuò 作 "take the initiative to build" a very general word to use which can refer to all sorts of making of things. See PRODUCE.

8. Jiàn 建 "to establish" is mostly used abstractly and not for concrete physical structures. See ESTABLISH

9. Jīng 經 and yíng 營 are archaic and poetic words focussing on a concerted large-scale public effort.
ACHIEVE

[EASY/DIFFICULT]

[EXPECTED/UNEXPECTED]

[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]

[IMPORTANT/UNIMPORTANT]

[LARGE-SCALE/SMALL-SCALE]

[MEDIOCRE/ STANDARD/PERFECT]

[NOUN/VERB]

[TRANSIENT/LASTING]

1. The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up").

[GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]

2 The current general word for successfully completed action on one's own behalf or in one's own interest is dé 得 "manage to" (ant. shī 失 "fail in, get wrong" and ant.* bù néng 不能 "not manage to").

[DIFFICULT], [SELFISH], [STANDARD]; [VERB]

3. Zhì 至 refers to successful action on one's own behalf on a very high level.

[DIFFICULT], [PERFECT], [SELFISH]; [VERB]

4. Zhì 致 refers specifically to remarkable successful action, typically on others' behalf.

[ALTRUISTIC], [DIFFICULT]; [VERB]

5. Lì 立 refers to successful action resulting in a lasting objective result of one's efforts.

[ALTRUISTIC], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]

6. Suì 遂 refers to eventual successful completion of something one has planned.

[EXPECTED]; [VERB]

7. Gōng 功 refers to the achievement of something regarded as important to others. See MERIT.

[ALTRUISTIC], [IMPORTANT]; [NOUN]

8. Gōng jì 功跡 refers to achievements as leaving a lasting trace on the future.
ESTABLISH

1. The current general word for setting up anything abstract or concrete is lì 立 and the almost equally common shè 設.

2. Jiàn 建 refers to bringing something into existence through a comprehensive concerted effort.

3. Jù 具 refers to establishing or setting up what is necessary in a certain context.

4. Zhì 制 refers to set up institutionally a system.

5. Cuò 錯 / 措 and zhì 置 (ant. feì 廢 "remove from its proper place") refer to putting something solidly and firmly in its proper place.

6. Shù 樹 refers to planting or establishing something firmly where one intends it to remain.
INSTALL

1. The general term for installing someone in a high position is lì 立.

2. Fēng 封 refers specifically to installing a person in an enfeoffed position.

3. Jiàn 建 primarily refers to the establishment not of a person but of the position itself; however, the word does occasionally refer to the establishment of a person in the position of a ruler.

NB: Jí wèi 即位 and the rarer as well as more elevated jiàn zuò 踐阼 refer to the act of ascending the throne, i.e. to "being installed".
THEREUPON

[BRIEF/LONG]

[DRAMATIC/UNDRAMATIC]

[EMPHATIC/UNEMPHATIC]

[NOUN/VERB/PARTICLE/CLAUSE]

1. The current general word for "thereupon" is yú shì 於是 "at that point, then, thereupon" with its expanded variant yú shì hū 於是乎, but these expressions do not allow for any long delay.

2. Yǒu jiān 有間 (ant.* xuǎn 旋／還 "without delay", dùn 頓 "immediately, without hesitation") refers to a brief interval of a certain time which ensues, and after which something new happens in the narrative sequence.

[BRIEF], [UNDRAMATIC], [UNEMPHATIC]; [CLAUSE]

3. Yǒu qǐng 有頃 (ant. è ér 俄而 "without delay", lì 立 "without delay") is "after a while" and the interval is perhaps a little longer than in yǒu jiān 有間, and this expression also refers to a plain narrative sequence.

[BRIEF], [UNDRAMATIC], [UNEMPHATIC]; [CLAUSE]

4. Yǐ ér 已而 (ant. qián cǐ 前此 "before this point in time") refers with emphasis to a longer than expected interval after a certain time.

[LONG], [DRAMATIC], [EMPHATIC]; [PARTICLE]

5. Jū 居 (as in jū sān yuè 居三月 "after three months") and the rarer chǔ 處 serve simply to indicate a specified interval after a certain time after which something else happens.

[VERB], [UNDRAMATIC], [UNEMPHATIC]

6. Jì 既 (ant. wèi jí 未及 "before even...") focusses dramatically on the fact that an action B does not occur before the action A is completed.

[BRIEF], [DRAMATIC], [EMPHATIC]; [PARTICLE]

7. Rán hòu 然後 (ant. yǐ qián 以前 "before") emphasises that an event occurs no sooner than after a certain event or space of time. See ONLY THEN.

[BRIEF], [DRAMATIC], [EMPHATIC]; [PARTICLE]

8. Ér hòu 而後 (ant. yǐ qián 以前 "before") emphasises that an event occurs no sooner than after a certain event or space of time. See ONLY THEN.

[BRIEF], [EMPHATIC]; [PARTICLE]

9. Xū yú 須臾 stresses that an event occurred immediately after another.

[BRIEF+]; [nadS]

10. Hòu 後 (ant. qián 前 "before") is a general word indicating that something happens later than something else.

Word relations

Subject: (ESTABLISH)法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
Ant: (ESTABLISH)亡/DESTROY Wáng 亡 (ant. fù 復 "reestablish") refers to the political/social ruin of a state and does not focus on any form of physical annihilation or damage.
Ant: (INSTALL)廢/DISMISS
Object: (ESTABLISH)功/MERIT The current general word for achievements of any kind is gōng 功.
Object: (ESTABLISH)禮/RITUAL The current general term for everything relating to the system of ritual propriety is lǐ 禮. However the term can also be used to refer to individual prescribed rituals.
Object: (ESTABLISH)學/SCHOOL
Object: (ESTABLISH)政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
Contrast: (ESTABLISH)定/FIX The current general word for fixing something in any objective and interpersonal way, concrete or abstract is dìng 定.
Contrast: (ACHIEVE)成/ACHIEVE The current general word for successful action on one's own behalf or on someone else's behalf is chéng 成 (ant. bài 敗 "fail to achieve; botch up"). [GENERAL], [LARGE-SCALE]; [VERB]
Contrast: (ESTABLISH)生/ARISE Shēng 生 (ant. miè 滅 "be extinguished (as dinosaurs)") refers to the coming into existence of something which did not previously exist. [PERFECTIVE]
Contrast: (ESTABLISH)置/ESTABLISH Cuò 錯/措 and zhì 置 (ant. feì 廢 "remove from its proper place") refer to putting something solidly and firmly in its proper place.
Synon: (ESTABLISH)創/CREATE Chuàng 創 (ant. jì 繼 "continue a line") is a rare word referring to the initiative to start something.
Synon: (CREATE)造/CREATE Zào 造 is prototypically to fashion in the manner of a potter or founder, but the word often has a nuance of the arbitrary and comes to mean something like "fabricate". See also PRODUCE
Oppos: (STAND)行/WALK The current general word for walking is xíng 行(ant. zhǐ 止 "stay put").
Oppos: (ESTABLISH)廢/DISCARD Fèi 廢 and the rarer tì 替 (all ant. zhì 置 "establish"!!!! See also no. 4 below.) refer to discarding something one has made use of or has been involved with for some time.